چالش‌های فراروی نقض موافقتنامه‌های سازمان جهانی تجارت

مروّت, مجتبی

چالش‌های فراروی نقض موافقتنامه‌های سازمان جهانی تجارت

نوع مقاله : علمی - ترویجی

نویسنده

مجتبی مروّت

دکترای حقوق بین‌الملل، مدرس دانشگاه، وکیل دادگستری.

چکیده

نظام حقوقی سازمان جهانی تجارت، موافقتنامه‌های تحت پوشش را با تفاهم‌نامه حل اختلاف، درهم تنیده که این امر، تعهدات اعضاء را تابع فرآیند اجباری از مشورت، داوری، استیناف و اجرای مؤثر درآورده که مآلاً هدف آن‌ها، امحاء تخلف بدون صرف هزینه و عدم ایراد لطمه به روابط تجاری اعضاء است. سازمان با وجود تمام پیشرفت‌های حاصله، نقایصی را نیز در نظام حقوقی خویش تحمل می‌نماید که برخی مفسران از این امر، تحت عنوان «بحران مشروعیت» یاد نموده‌اند. ازاین منظر، چالش‌هایی اساسی پیش‌روی سازمان وجود دارد؛ از قبیل جهانشمولی سازمان و مشکل در یکپارچه‌سازی آزادسازی تجارت، فرسایش اصل عدم تبعیض، حاکمیت محوری دولت‌های عضو، معضل عدم انسجام و هماهنگی لازم با سازمان‌های بین‌الدولی، عدم شفافیت در تعامل با جامعه مدنی، نقایص نظام حل اختلاف، هندسه تغییرپذیر و ناپایدار، آثار منبعث از تصمیم‌گیری‌های نهادین، ملاحظات سیاسی، آیین‌های بعضاً غیرمؤثر و نقش ضعیف مدیرکل سازمان. همچنین به طور خاص از رهگذر نقض موافقتنامه‌ها، مشکلاتی نیز دامنگیر اعضاء و ارکان سازمان می‌شود که از یکسو به روابط معاهداتی اعضاء با یکدیگر، صدمه وارد می‌سازند و از سوی دیگر، بر کارکرد مؤثر و مطلوب سازمان و همچنین بر شیوه‌های جبران تأثیر مستقیم دارند. فلذا تحلیل چالش‌های ناشی از نقض موافقتنامه‌ها، موضوع اصلی تحقیق حاضر است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Violation of the World Trade Organization's Agreements: Challengs Ahead

نویسنده [English]

Mojtaba Morovvat

چکیده [English]

WTO law links covered agreements with Dispute settlement Understanding rules. This matter makes the member commitments to compulsory process of negotiation, arbitration, appeal and effective enforcement that ultimately their goals are elimination of violation without costs and damage to the trade relations. With regard to all WTO achievements, rather there are some obstacles in WTO laws, so that some scholars have mentioned them as a (legitimacy crisis). in this view there are some fundamental challenges for World Trade organization; such as, WTO universality and the problem of integrating trade liberalization, erosion in the non-discriminations principle, state sovereignty base of members, lacking Solidarity and coordination with governmental organizations, lacking transparency in relation with Civil society, deficits in the dispute settlement system, unstable and mutable from, effects arising from official Decision making, political Considerations, some process that are Occasionally ineffective and the weak role of WTO director general. Furthermore when Agreements are violated, in particular, it has some challenges between members and WTO Organs that damages contractual relations between members. The violation has direct effect on WTO favorable function and compensation. Therefore in this article analyzing challenges arising from violation of the WTO agreements is the main debate.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

World Trade Organization
nullification or impairment of benefits
Covered agreements
Dispute Settlement

مراجع

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