تبیین مفهوم صدور و انتقال آلودگی در حقوق بین‌الملل

نوع مقاله : علمی - ترویجی

نویسنده

دکترای حقوق بین‌الملل (دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی (ره))

چکیده

قوانین متعدد، اسناد و معاهدات کثیر بین‌المللی در سطوح مختلف در حقوق محیط زیست به وجود آمده‌اند و به جنبه‌های مختلف از محیط زیست پرداخته‌اند. حقوق محیط زیست همیشه و همواره در یک تلاش و مبارزه مستمر برای حل معضل آلودگی بوده، با منشأ آن مبارزه کرده، میزان آن را معین نموده است و همیشه به دنبال یافتن راه حل بوده است. چالش‌های متنوع و متکثر زیست‌محیطی سیاره ما را احاطه کرده است. گسترش آلودگی‌ها و حرکت آن از مناطق تحت صلاحیت یک کشور به مناطق خارج از آن نشان‌دهنده وابستگی متقابل اجزای مختلف محیط زیست در مفهوم عام آن است و دیگر در این دیدگاه، محیط زیست تنها در محیط زیست یک ملت، محصور در یک سرزمین نخواهد بود چون غالب فعالیت‌های انسانی در یک کشور، ممکن است آثاری فراتر از کشور منشأ آن فعالیت داشته باشد. کشفیات علمی نکات مهمی را در حوزه محیط زیست اثبات نموده است. نکته اول یکپارچگی کرۀ زمین است. آلودگی بخشی از کرۀ زمین می‌تواند به بخش دیگری تسری پیدا کند. آلودگی آب باعث آلودگی خاک می‌شود. نکته دوم این است که آلودگی ماهیتاً مرزگذر است و مرز نمی‌شناسد. پرندگان، آب‌ها، جریانات جوی، ناقل آلودگی‌اند. و بالاخره نکته سوم، تأثیر انواع آلودگی بر یکدیگر است. و باید بر این نکات، موضوعی به نام انتقال و صدور آلودگی را نیز افزود که می‌تواند یکی از موضوعات مهم و نگران‌کننده جامعه بین‌المللی باشد. به عبارتی صدور و انتقال آلودگی موضوع می‌افزاید، یعنی علاوه بر اشاعه و نشر آلودگی به لحاظ ویژگی‌های یکپارچگی زیست‌کره و ماهیت خود آلودگی که هرگز نمی‌تواند ساکن و بی‌تحرک باشد، جابه‌جایی، انتقال و صدور مواد آلاینده به قصد اینکه از منشأ آن دور شده و به نقطه دیگر منتقل شود و یا اینکه بدون وجود چنین قصدی، آلودگی با دخالت عامل انسانی به همراه منشأ آن، به نقاط دیگر منتقل می‌شود، واقعیتی انکارناپذیر است. بنابراین تبیین مفهوم و خاصه مقایسه آن با آلودگی‌های فرامرزی بسیار ضروری است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Explaining the Export and Transfer of Pollution in International law

نویسنده [English]

  • Seyed Hadi Pazhouman
چکیده [English]

Numerous laws, international documents and treaties at different levels were created on environment law and the various aspects the environment were addressed. Air, soil and Water as the main elements of environment have been targeted. Environmental law has always been in constant effort and struggle to solve the pollution problem, has fought its origin, has determined its rate, and is always looking for the answer to the question of what must be done. All this is done because'' the pollution is the primary goal of environmental law.Varied and diverse environmental challenges have surrounded our planet in such a way that the environment, in its general sense, is caught in it. The spread of pollution and its move from areas under the jurisdiction of a country to outside the region represents the interdependence of various components of the environment in general. And in this view, environment would not be an issue of a single nation and would not be bound to a single region, because most human activities in on state may have effects on states beyond  its original state, whether bilateral, regional, meta- regional or international. "Scientific discoveries have proved important points in the field of environment. The first point is the integrity of the Earth. The Earth is unified; i.e; pollution of part of the earth can spread over other parts, water pollution results in soil pollution. The second point is that the contamination is border crossing, it's blind to borders. Birds, water and climate flows are carriers of pollution. Third and finally is the influence of kinds of pollution on each other. To these points; transfer and export of pollution, which can be one of the important and worrying issues of the international community, must be added. In other words, export and transfer of pollution adds to the complexity of the issue, namely in addition to dissemination of pollution, integration features of biosphere and the nature of pollution itself which can never be settled, and transporting and exporting pollutants together with it's origin with human intervention will be transferred to other locations, whether deliberate or unelaborated, is an indisputable fact. Therefore, it is necessary to explain its meaning and compare it with transboundary pollution.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Pollution
  • export and transfer of pollution
  • transboundary pollutions
  • transboundary pollutions definition
  • comparison between the export and transfer of pollution and transboundary pollution
  • the ways of transfer and export of pollution
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