Journal of Legal Research

Journal of Legal Research

The Role of Concerned Countries in the Effectiveness of Unilateral Sanctions (Relying on the Unilateral Sanctions of the United States of America Against Iran)

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Ahdieh Zangi Ahrami 1
Ahad Bagherzadeh 2
Hamid Azizi Moradpour 3
1 PhD Student in International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2 Associate Professor, Department of International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
3 Lecturer and Invited, Department of Public and International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran. Lecturer and Invited, Department of International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
10.48300/jlr.2023.381563.2263
Abstract
Although unilateral sanctions usually evoke the special role of the sanctioner countries as the main cause of human rights adverse effects caused by the imposition of sanctions, but this issue should not lead to ignoring the role and responsibility of the target countries in the extent of the effects and providing the human rights needs of their residents. In other words, unilateral sanctions (primary and secondary) inevitably always contain side effects, the amount of which can always depend on various factors. So far, most of the books and articles written in the field of sanctions have examined sanctions and human rights violations from the point of view of the sanctioning country, and limited research sources have also examined sanctions from the perspective of the target countries and third countries. One of the most important goals of internal sanctions is to review the internal structures and laws and subsequently modify the structures and laws that intensify the sanctions, and in this article, it is referred to as self-sanctions. Third countries can also support their nationals who are engaged in trade with the sanctioned country by imposing blocking regulations while preventing the violation of their sovereignty by the sanctioned countries. In this article, an attempt has been made to explain the role and responsibility of the concerned countries in sanctions (sanctioner, target and third party), and examine the structures, laws and regulations of the target country (especially Iran) and its role in the effects of sanctions. At the end, we will provide solutions to modify and change them.

Highlights

الف) منابع فارسی
کتاب‌‌ها
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مقالات
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http://ijmedicallaw.ir/article-1-212-fa.html
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https://sid.ir/paper/502539/fa
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- سیدنورانی، سید محمدرضا، مرتضی عبادی، امراله امینی و محمدتقی تقوی فرد. «بررسی تأثیر تحریم‌های اقتصادی بر کارایی بانک‌های ایران». مطالعات راهبردی بسیج، 22، 83(1398)، 119-142.
DOR: 20.1001.1.1735501.1398.22.83.5.7
ب) منابع خارجی


Books
- Daoudi, M. S. and M. S. Dajani. Economic Sanctions: Ideals and Experience. London; Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983.
- Galtung, Johan. On the Effects of International Economic Sanctions, With Examples from the Case of Rhodesia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967.
- Hufbauer, Gary Clyde, Jeffrey J. Schott, Kimberly Ann Elliott and Barbara Oegg. Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, 3rd edition. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2007.
- Eisemann, Pierre Michel. Annuaire de l’Institut de droit international, Vol. 76. Paris: Pedone, Session de Tallinn, 2016.
- Kaempfer, William H.  and Anton D. Lowenberg. International Economic Sanctions: A Public Choice Perspective-Political Economy of Global Interdependence. Texas: Westview Press, 1992.
- Leyton Brown, David . The Utility of International Economic Sanctions. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1987.
- Miyagawa, Makio. Do Economic Sanctions Work?. New York: St Martin’ s Press, 1992.
- Ruys, Tom and Ryngaert Cedric. Secondary Anctions: Aweapon Out Of Control? The International Legality Of, And European Responses To, Us Secondary Sanctions. London: The British Yearbook of International Law VC The Author, 2020.
- Slavin, Barbara. Iran Sanctions: Preferable to War but No Silver Bullet. Washington: Atlantic Council Iran Task Force, 2011.
Articles
- De Ruyt, Jean. “Secondary sanctions and multilateralism - the way ahead”. European Policy Briefs, 70(2021), 1-6. https://www.egmontinstitute.be/secondary-sanctions-and-multilateralism-the-way-ahead/#
- Morgan, T. Clifton  and Valerie L. Schwebach. Economic sanctions as an instrument of foreign policy: The role of domestic politics. Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association Washington DC, January 9-12, 1993.
- Nakhli, Seyyed Reza, Monireh Rafat, Rasul Bakhshi Dastjerdi & Meysam Rafei. “Oil sanctions and their transmission channels in the Iranian economy: A DSGE model”. Resources Policy, 70, (2021), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101963
- Sossai, Mirko, “Legality of extraterritorial sanctions” in Economic Sanctions in International Law and Practice (2019), 62-79. DOI:10.4324/9780429052989-4
Websites
- 2019 Year-End Sanctions Update, January 23, 2020, Available at https://www.gibsondunn.com/2019-year-end-sanctions-update/
- 30 challenges in facing customs, 13 january 2020. at http://www.taadolnewspaper.ir
- Companies caught in EU-US sanctions crossfire. 30 january 2020, Available at https://www.ft.com/content/97a75318-16a8-11ea-b869-0971bffac109.
- https://economic.mfa.ir/portal/newsview
- https://ireland.mfa.gov.ir/portal/GeneralCategoryServices/11632
- https://www.taadolnewspaper.ir
- https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/
- Human Rights Council. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Negative Impact of Unilateral Coercive Measures on the Enjoyment of Human Rights. Thirty-ninth session, 10–28 September 2018, 10. Available at https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/sr-unilateral-coercive-measures
- International Monetary Fund. last modified December 7, 2022, Available at https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/VEN.
- Statistics of the first 4 months of 1401, goods and currency smuggling. last modified December 20, 2022, Available at https://www.tazirat.gov.ir/module/News/Shownews/page-1414/index.aspx? NewsId=117256&NewsDate=14010510.
- The EU Blocking Statute and Civil Law Liability, 12 November 2022, Available at https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/en/knowledge/publications/0f133670/the-eu-blocking-statute-and-civil-law-liability
- US abuse of unilateral sanctions hurts common interests of world, 09-09-2022,  https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202209/09/WS631a87b8a310fd2b29e76c1b.html
- Yu, Dal Seung. The future of the South Korea–Iran relationship, 11 February 2021, Available at https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2021/02/11/the-future-of-the-south-korea-iran-relationship/

Keywords
Iran
United States of America
Unilateral Sanctions
Human Rights
Self-Sanctions

  • Books

    • Ameli, Saeed Reza, Ebrahim Mohseni Ahoyi. Lack of international legal legitimacy of sanctions and violations of human rights. London: Islamic Institute of Human Rights, 2018. (in Persian)
    • Gholami Baghi, Saeed. A solution to eliminate some negative consequences of economic sanctions for importers. Tehran: Islamic Council Research Center, 2008. (in Persian)
    • Farhi, Hossein, Legitimacy of Iran's oil sanctions in the balance of international law, focusing on US oil sanctions against Iran. Tehran: Ebtekar Danesh publishing house, 2016. (in Persian)
    • Nephew, Richard, 2nd edition. Art bans - a look from inside the field. Translation and research by the Islamic Council Research Center, Tehran: Publications of the Islamic Council Research Center, 2017. (in Persian)
    • Vakil, Amir Saed and Zahra Tahsili, Iran and international sanctions. Tehran: Majd Scientific and Cultural Assembly, 2013. (in Persian)
    • Daoudi , M. S. and Dajani, M. S. , Economic Sanctions: Ideals and experience, London, Boston, Melbourne and Henley: Routledge & Kegan Paul , 1983. (in English)
    • Galtung , Johan , On the Effects of International Economic Sanctions, With Examples from the Case of Rhodesia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press , 1967. (in English)
    • Hufbauer Gary et al, Economic Sanctions Reconsidered,3rd edition, Peterson Institute for International Economics, . DC Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics,2007. (in English)
    • Kaempfer , William H and Lowenberg , Anton D  , International Economic Sanctions: A Public Choice Perspective (Political Economy of Global Interdependence, Texas: Westview Press, 1992. (in English)
    • Leyton Brown , David , The Utility of International Economic Sanctions, New York: st Martin,s Press,1987. (in English)
    • Miyagawa, Makio, Do Economic Sanctions Work? New York: st Martin, s Press,1992. (in English)
    • Ruys, Tom, and Ryngaert Cedric ، Secondary Anctions: Aweapon Out Of Control? The International Legality Of, And European Responses To, Us Secondary Sanctions, London:The British Yearbook of International Law VC The Author, 2020. (in English)

    Articles

    • Al Kajbaf, Hossein, Ansarian, Mojtabi, "The impact of unilateral and multilateral sanctions on Iran from the perspective of rights on the health of Iranian citizens", Scientific-Research Quarterly of Medical Law, No. 29, (2013): 50-11(in Persian)
    • Alavi, Seyyed Yahya. "Analysis of the structure of American banking sanctions and the requirements for its removal in comprehensive nuclear negotiations". Afaq Security Quarterly, 25 (2013): 177-212. (in Persian)
    • Yavari, Kazem and Reza Mohseni. "Effects of commercial and financial sanctions on Iran's economy: historical analysis". Majlis and Research Center Quarterly, 61 (2008): 9-53. (in Persian)
    • Seyed Noorani, Seyed Mohammad Reza, Morteza Ebadi, Amraleh Amini and Mohammad Taghi Tagvifard, "Investigating the effect of economic sanctions on the efficiency of Iranian banks", Tehran, Basij Strategic Studies Quarterly, No. 83, (2018), 119-142. (in Persian)
    • De Ruyt, Jean, Secondary sanctions and multilateralism – the way ahead, (EGMONT Royal Institute for International Relations , Brussels 2021) , 1-6. (in English)
    • Eisemann, Pierre Michel, Annuaire de l’Institut de droit international (Paris, Pedone, , Session de Tallinn, vol. 76 , 2016 ), 871. (in English)
    • Morgan , Clifton and Schwebach Valerie L, Economic sanctions as an instrument of foreign policy: The role of domestic politics, paper presented at the annual meeting of the American political science association Washington dc, January 9-12, 1993. (in English)
    • Nakhli, Seyyed Reza, Rafat , Rasul Bakhshi Dastjerdi, Monireh and  Rafei, Meysam, Oil sanctions and their transmission channels in the Iranian economy: A DSGE model, Resources Policy, Volume 70, (2021) 5. (in English)
    • Sossai, Mirko, “Legality of extraterritorial sanctions, Routledge Advances in International Relations and Global Politics” Knowledge Unlatched GmbH, (2019): 62-79. (in English)
    • Slavin , Barbara “Iran Sanctions: Preferable to War but No Silver Bullet,” Atlantic Council Iran Task Force,( 2011) : 1-12. (in English)

    Websites

    • “International Monetary Fund” last modified December 7, 2022,

    https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/VEN. (in English)

    • “Statistics of the first 4 months of 1401, goods and currency smuggling” last modified December 20, 2022, https://www.tazirat.gov.ir/module/News/Shownews/page-1414/index.aspx? NewsId=117256&NewsDate=14010510. (in English)
    • “Companies caught in EU-US sanctions crossfire” 30 january 2020, https://www.ft.com/content/97a75318-16a8-11ea-b869-0971bffac109. (in English)
    • https://www.taadolnewspaper.ir (in Persian)
    • https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/ (in Persian)
    • https://economic.mfa.ir/portal/newsview (in English)
    • "US abuse of unilateral sanctions hurts common interests of world", 2022-09-09 https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202209/09/WS631a87b8a310fd2b29e76c1b.html (in English)
    • Dal Seung Yu, The future of the South Korea–Iran relationship , 11 February 2021

     https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2021/02/11/the-future-of-the-south-korea-iran-relationship/ (in English)

    • "The EU Blocking Statute and Civil Law Liability, 12 November 2022"

    https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/en/knowledge/publications/0f133670/the-eu-blocking-statute-and-civil-law-liability (in English)

    • "2019 Year-End Sanctions Update, January 23, 2020"

     https://www.gibsondunn.com/2019-year-end-sanctions-update/ (in English)

    • https://ireland.mfa.gov.ir/portal/GeneralCategoryServices/11632 (in English)
    • “30 challenges in facing customs” 13 january 2020,  http://www.taadolnewspaper.ir  (in Persian)
    • Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the negative impact of unilateral coercive measures on the enjoyment of human rights,( , Thirty-ninth session , 10–28 September 2018) 10 , https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/sr-unilateral-coercive-measures (in English)

     

     

Journal of Legal Research
Volume 23, Issue 58
Summer 2024
Pages 49-80