Books & Articles
Clark, Phil., “Hybridity, Holism, and ‘Traditional’ Justice: The Case of the Gacaca Courts in Post-Genocide Rwanda,” George Washington University International Law Review 39, (2007), English, Available at
https://ssrn.com/abstract=1031739
Drumbl, Mark, “Law and Atrocity: Settling Accounts in Rwanda”, Ohio Northern University Law Review 41(2005), English,
Drumbl, Mark. Atrocity, Punishment, and International Law. New York: Cambridge University Press, (2007), English,
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511611100
Ebnother, Anja & Fluri, Philipp, After Intervention: Public Security Management in Post-Conflict Societies., Vienna and Geneva: PfP Consortium Working Group Security Sector Reform, (2005), English,
Ferstman, Cara J. “Domestic Trials for Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity: The Example of Rwanda”, AJICL, 9(1997), English,
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315092591-13
Goldstein Bolocan, Maya. “Rwandan Gacaca: An Experiment in Transitional Justice”, Journal of Dispute Resolution, 2(2) (2004), English, Available at:
https://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/jdr/vol2004/iss2/2
Ingelaere, Bert. “The Gacaca courts in Rwanda", In Traditional Justice and Reconciliation after Violent Conflict: Learning from African Experiences edited by Huys, Luc & Salter, Mark, Stockhom: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, Stockholm, 2008, English
Ironside, Pernille., “Rwandan Gacaca: Seeking Alternative Means to Justice, Peace and Reconciliation”, New York International Law Review, Vo..31, No.35, 2002, English
Kerr, Rachel & Eirin Mobekk. Peace and Justice: Seeking Accountability after War, UK: OUP, 2007, English,
Kirkby, C. “Rwanda’s Gacaca Courts: a preliminary critique”, Journal of African Law, 50(2006), English,
https://doi.org/27607966
Lekha Sriram, Chandra et al., eds., Transitional Justice and Peace building on the Ground: Victims and ExCombatants, New York: Routeledge, 2013, English,
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203084359
Longman, Timothy. “Justice at the grassroots? Gacaca Trials in Rwanda” In Transitional Justice in the Twenty-First Century, Beyond Truth versus Justice edited by Naomi Roht-Arriaza and Javier Mariezcurrena, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, English,
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511617911.011
Magnarella, Paul. Justice in Africa: Rwanda’s Genocide, Its Courts, and the UN Criminal Tribunal, Brookfield: Ashgate, 2000, English,
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315204291
Mibenge, Chiseche. "Enforcing International Humanitarian Law at the National Level: The Gacaca Jurisdictions of Rwanda," YIHL, 7(2007), English,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1389135904004106
Nyseth Brehm, Hollie, et al. “Genocide, Justice, and Rwanda’s Gacaca Courts”, Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 30(2014), English,
https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986214536660
Penal Reform International, Access to Justice in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Role of Traditional and Informal Justice Systems, London: PRI, 2002, English,
Quinn, Joanna. Reconciliations: Transitional Justice in Post Conflict Societies, Quebec: McGill University Press, 2009, English, Available at
https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt80jzv
Reyntjens, Filip. “Gacaca, or justice on the grass in Rwanda”, Politique Africaine, 40(1990), English,
Sobhani, Mihan, “Efficient and Legitimate Mechanisms of Transitional Justice”, Journal of Criminal Law Research, Vol 8, Issue 1, 2017, pp. 85-109 Persian,
https://doi.org/10.22124/jol.2017.2289
Sobhani, Mihan, “Evaluation of Traditional Justice Mechanisms in Transitional Societies, Journal of Criminal Law Research, Vol 4, Issue 15, 2016, pp. 9-43, Persian,
https://doi.org/10.22054/jclr.2016.4434
Tepperman, Jonathan. “Truth and Consequences”, Foreign Affairs, 2002, English, Available at
https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/fora81&i=367
Trevisan, Stefano. “The Gacaca Courts – where Western human rights faced the Rwandan Informal Justice System”, International Law, Human Rights and Informal Justice, Tilburg University, 2011, English,
Waldorf, Lars. “Mass Justice for Mass Atrocity: Rethinking Local Justice as Transitional Justice,” Temple Law Review, 79(1)(2006), English, Available at
http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/temple79&id=9&div=&collection=journals
Westberg, Megan. “Rwanda’s Use of Transitional Justice After Genocide: The Gacaca Courts and the ICTR”, Kansas Law Review 59(2010), English,
https://doi.org/10.17161/1808.20180
Zakarian, Mahdi & Seyedrezi Emadi,"Mechanisms and functions of transitional justice; An important development in international law, International Organizations Quarterly, Vol 1, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 221-257, Persian, Available at
https://civilica.com/doc/1232141
Documents
Amnesty International, “Rwanda: Gacaca—Gambling with Justice,” 19 June 2002, English, Available at
https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/rwanda-gacaca-gambling-justice
Amnesty International. 2002. Rwanda—Gacaca: A question of justice. sec.VII(2)(a)) - Avocats Sans Frontières, Monitoring of the Gacaca Courts, Kigali, Rwanda: ASF, 2007, English,
Avocats sans frontières, Rapport analytique No.4-5, English
Controversial Assessment of the Gacaca Courts, HIRONDELLE NEWS AGENCY (Lausanne), Jan. 3, 2008, English
Crawford, Julia. Hopes and Fears as Kigali Launches Participative Justice, Hirondelle News Agency (Lausanne), 2001, English
Gacaca Jurisdictions: Interim Report of Observations June 10 - Aug. 8, 2002, English
Gacaca Living Together again in Rwanda? (Dominant 7/Gacaca Productions 2002), English
Human Rights Watch, “Justice Compromised. The Legacy of Rwanda’s Community-Based Gacaca Courts”, 2011, 72, English
IBUKA, "Right to Reparation for Survivors: Recommendations for Reparation for Survivors of the 1994 Genocide Against Tutsi" (discussion paper, IBUKA, Kigali, Rwanda, October 2012), English
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, “Traditional Justice and Reconciliation after Violent Conflict: Learning from African Experiences”, 2008, English
Jallow, Hassan B. Chief Prosecutor UNICTR & Under Sec’y-Gen., United Nations, Commemoration of 1994 Rwandan Genocide, 2010, English
Jones Parry, Sir Emyr. President of the Security Council. 2004. Presidential Statement on Justice and the Rule of Law: The United Nations’ Role: a statement on behalf of the Security Council 6 Oct, 2004, English
Law No. 02/98 of 22/01/1998; Law No. 69/2008 of 30/12/2008
Legal Aid Forum, Monitoring of EDPRS, English
Mukantaganzwa, D. (2012). Interview with the executive secretary of National Gacaca Service Domithile Mukantaganzwa on the eve of closing of Gacaca courts, English
National Commission for Human Rights, Annual Report 2005-2007, English
Organic Law No. 16/2004 of 19/6/2004
Organic Law No. 40/2000 OF 26101/2000
Organic Law No. 40/2001 of 26101/2001
Organic Law No.08/96 of 30/8/1996
peace-building in Rwanda, Supervisor William Schabas, National University of Ireland, 2013, English
Penal Reform International, Rapport de synthèse de monitoring et de recherché sur la gacaca: Phase pilote janvier 2002-décembre 2004 (2005), French
Presidential Order No. 26/01 of 10/12/2001 Relating to the Substitution of the Penalty of Imprisonment for Community Service (2001), English
Press Release, Amnesty International United Kingdom, Rwanda: Gacaca Tribunals Must Conform with International Fair Trial Standards, 2002, English
Rwanda's Organic Law No. 08/96
Service National des Juridictions Gacaca, Instruction No. 14/2007 du 30/03/2007.
Sheenah Kaliisa, Kigali Begins Training Judges for New Justice System in December, Internews (Arusha), Oct. 25, 2001, English
SNJG Monthly Progress Reports, Activities during the Gacaca trials in Rwanda, July 2006–February 2007, English
The Listener, 14 December 1939.
Towards a comprehensive and holistic transitional justice policy for Uganda, Avocats Sans Frontières, 2013, English
UN Human Rights Committee, “Consideration of Reports Submitted by State Parties Under Article 40 of the Covenant, Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Committee,” 2009, English
United Nations Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary, U.N. Doc. A/Res/40/146 (Dec. 1985), English
Waldorf, Lars. Transitional Justice and DDR: The Case of Rwanda, International Center for Transitional Justice June 2009, English
Wojkowska, Ewa. Doing Justice: How informal justice systems can contribute, United Nations Development Programme, 2006, English
