Journal of Legal Research

Journal of Legal Research

Extra-Legal Actions of the Security Council in Violation of Fundamental Human Rights

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Seyyed Ghasem Zamani 1
Javad Safdari kohneshahri 2
1 Professor, Public and International Law Department, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran.
2 PhD Student in International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran.
10.48300/jlr.2024.349732.2109
Abstract
The Security Council has interpreted the concept of international peace and security extensively and extended it to a wide range of issues, including the protection of human rights and the protection of human rights abuses. So that some of its decisions and actions have been beyond the limits of legal authority and competence and incompatible with the objectives of the Charter and human rights obligations and contrary to the standards of international law. The purpose article is to examine the Security Council as an extra-legal body and the shortcomings of its commitment to its obligations and responsibilities in the face of serious human rights violations resulting from Chapter VII and humanitarian interventions. Despite the council's claim of human rights protection, there has been a clear contradiction in its management behavior and performance, which not only has not reduced human rights violations in practice, but has in some cases exacerbated the council's inefficiency. The findings show that non-compliance with the limits and powers and veto power of the permanent members of the Council is one of the most important factors in the failure of the Security Council in resolving human rights issues and managing international crises. Therefore, by adopting a mechanism independent of the political interests of the permanent members and using the veto to strengthen and positive cooperation, we can pave the way for fundamental changes in the behavioral patterns and procedures of the council and proper internal monitoring of its actions and commitment to provided human rights obligations.
Keywords
Security Council
Human Rights
United Nations
International Peace and Security
Crisis Management
- -----------------------, General rules of contracts, Volume 2, 7th edition, Tehran: Ganj Danesh, 2022. In Persian.
- -----------------------, General rules of contracts, Volume 3, 7th edition, Tehran: Ganj Danesh, 2022. In Persian.
- -----------------------, General rules of contracts, Volume 5, 7th edition, Tehran: Ganj Danesh, 2022. In Persian.
- ----------------------, legal acts, 14th edition, Tehran: Enteshar Corporation, 2015. In Persian.
- ----------------------, Lessons of specefic contracts, 27th edition, Tehran: Ganj Danesh, 2017. In Persian.
- Bahrami Ahmadi, Hamid, Laws of obligations and contracts, First Edition, Tehran: Imam Sadiq University Publications, 2011. In Persian.
- Birkhäuser, Noah. “Sanctions of the Security Council Against Individuals - Some Human Rights Problems”. (2018), 1-16. https://www.esil-sedi.eu/wp-content/uploads/.2018. Accessed December 4,2019.
- Bowett, Derek. “The Impact of Security Council Decisions on Dispute Settlement Procedures”. European Journal of International Law, 5, 1(1994), 89-101. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.ejil.a035901
- Brownlie, Ian. International Law and the Use of Force by States. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963.
- Brownlie, Ian. Principles of public international law, 7th Ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
- Bydoon, Maysa and Gasem M.S. Al-Own. “The Legality of the Security Council Powers Expansion”. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 7, 4(2017), 223-226. 
- Case Concerning Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. The United Kingdom), Provisional Measures, I.C.J. (Reports 14 April 1992).
- Cronin, Bruce and Ian Hurd. The UN Security Council and the Politics of International Authority. New York: Routledge, 2008.
- Damerchili, Mohammad, Hatami, Ali, Gharaei, Mohsen, Commercial law in the current legal order, 28th edition, Tehran: Dadestan, 2021. In Persian.
- Davidsson, Elias. “Legal Boundaries to UN Sanctions”, International Journal of Human Rights, 7, 4(2003), 1-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642980310001726206
- De Wet, Erika. The Chapter VII Powers of the United Nations Security Council. Oxford; Portland: Hart Publishing, 2004.
- Doulah, Abdolsamad and Mirshahbiz Shafee. “An Analysis of the Security Council Procedures in Managing Severe Violations of the International Human Rights”. Journal of Politics and Law, 9, 8(2016), 33-43. DOI:10.5539/jpl.v9n8p33
- Eskini, Rabiaa, Business Law; Bankruptcy and bankruptcy liquidation, 21nd edition, Tehran: Samt, 2016.  In Persian.
- Farrall, Jeremy Matam. United Nations Sanctions and the Rule of Law. Cambrigde: Cambrigde University Press, 2007.
- Forsythe, David P. “The UN Security Council and Human Rights State Sovereignty and Human Dignity”. International policy Analysis. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, (2012), 1-14. Accessed February 20, 2021. library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/09069.pdf.
- Frederking, Brian. The United States and the Security Council Collective Security since the Cold War. London: Routledge, 2007.
- Gowlland-Debbas, Vera. “Security Council Enforcement Action and Issues of State Responsibility”, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 43, 1(1994), 55-98. doi:10.1093/iclqaj/43.1.55
- Hilderbrand, Robert C. Dumbarton oaks: the origins of the UN and the search for post war security. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1990.
- Hunt, Paul. “Towards Development: Human Rights And The WTO Agenda”. Paper Presented at the panel Discussion, Mexico, September 12, 2003.
- Hurd, Ian. “The UN Security Council and the International Rule of Law”. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 7, 3(2014), 361-379. Doi: 10.1093/cjip/pot015
- ICTY, Appeals Chamber, Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic, (1995) IT-94-AR72.
- Ilieva, Jana, Aleksandar Dashtevski & Filip Kokotovic. “Economic Sanctions in International Law”. UTMS Journal of Economics, 9, 2(2018), 201-211. 
- Jazayeri, Shams al din, Labor rights and social insurances, 2nd edition, Tehran: Tehran University Publications, 1968. In Persian.
- Katouziyan, Naser, General rules of contracts, Volume 1, 7th edition, Tehran: Ganj Danesh, 2022. In Persian.
- Kitharidis, Sophocles. “The Power of Article 103 of the UN Charter on Treaty Obligations”. Journal of International Peacekeeping, 20, 1-2(2016), 111-131. https://doi.org/10.1163/18754112-02001008
- Kohn-Freud, Otto, Labour Relations and The Law, London: British Ins, 1995. In English.
- Legal Consequences for of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South- West Africa) Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 1971, ICJ. Para.110.
- Lowe, Vaughan, Adam Roberts, Jennifer Welsh, and Dominik Zaum. The United Nations Security Council and War: The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945. London: Oxford University Press, 2008.
- Maja Lukic. “The Security Council’s Targeted Sanctions in the Light of Recent Developments Occurring in the EC Context”. Belgrade Law Review, LVII, 3(2009), 239-250. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2020073
- Marossi, Ali and Marisa R. Bassett, Economic Sanctions under International Law: Unilateralism, Multilateralism, Legitimacy, and Consequences. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2015.
- Mehr, Farhang, Labor rights and social insurances, 2nd edition, Tehran: Higher Institute of Accounting Publications, 1966. In Persian.
- Mertus, Julie A. The United Nations and Human Rights: A guide for a new era, 2nd edition. New York: Routledge, 2009.
- Mohammadhossein Ghaemmagham Farahani, Les effets du jugement prononcant la faillite en droit iranien : Le règlement judiciaire ou la liquidation des biens en droit français, Thèse, sous la direction de Jean Calais-Auloy, Mont pellier, 1978. In French
- Nasu, Hitoshi. “The UN Security Council’s Responsibility and the Responsibility to Protect”. Max Planck Year book of United Nations Law, 15, (2011), 377-418. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2255295
- Norouzi, Ghidari, Composition contract in the laws of Iran and France, Master's thesis, University of Tehran, 1998. In Persian.
- Okhovat, Sahar. The United Nations Security Council: Its Veto Power and Its Reform. Sydney: Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Sydney, 2012.
- Orakhelashvili, Alexander. “The Impact of Peremptory Norms on the Interpretation and Application of United Nations Security Council Resolutions”, The European Journal of International Law, 16, 1(2005), 59-88. https://ssrn.com/abstract=803795
- Pauwelyn, Joost. The Nature of WTO Obligations. Cambridge: Harvard Law School, 2002.
- Rosand, Eric. “The Security Council As Global Legislator: Ultra Vires or Ultra Innovative?”. Fordham International Law Journal, 28, 3(2004), 542-590. Available at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ilj/vol28/iss3/2
- Sadeghi, Mohsen, "Legal justification of friendship contract and collective labor agreement according to the principle of relative effect of contracts", The Journal of Jurisprudential Law Perspectives, No 32-33, autumn and winter ,2004. In Persian.
- Saghri, Mohammad, Commercial Law - Bankruptcy, First edition, Tehran: Enteshar Corporation, 1997. In Persian.
- Schweigman, David. The Authority of the Security Council under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, Legal Limits and the Role of the International Court of Justice. The Hague, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2001.
- Shahidi, Mahdi, Effects of contracts and obligations, 10th edition, Tehran: Majd, 2022. In Persian.
- Shelton, Dinah. Remedies in International Human Rights Law, Third Ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
- Simma, Bruno, Daniel Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte and Andreas Paulus. The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Third Ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
- Suk Baek, Buhm. Economic Sanctions Against Human Rights Violations, Cornell Law School Inter-University Graduate Student Conference Papers. Paper 11.http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/lps_clacp/11. (2008).
- Vegh, Karoly. “A Legislative Power of the UN Security Council?”. Acta Juridica Hungarica, 49, 3(2008), 275-295. DOI: 10.1556/AJur.49.2008.3.2
- Walling, Carrie Booth. “The United Nations Security Council and Human Rights Global Governance”. Global Governance, 26, 2(2020), 291-306. https://doi.org/10.1163/19426720-02602011
 - Whittle, Devon. “The Limits of Legality and the United Nations Security Council: Appliying the Extralegal Measures Model to Chapter VII Action”. European Journal of International Law, 26, 3(2015), 672-675. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chv042
- Wolfrum, Rudiger. “The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law”. Published under the auspices of the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International law. OUP, 9(2012).
- Wood, Michael C. “The Interpretation of Security Council Resolutions”, Max Plank Yearbook of United Nations Law, 20, 1(1998), 1-35. https://doi.org/10.1163/13894633_02001002
 - Wouters, Jan and Tom Ruys. Security CouncilL Reform: A New Veto for a New Century?. Brussels, Belgium: Academia Press, 2005.
- Yassin Abdullah Kadi and AL Barakaat International Foundation v. Council of the European Union and Commission of the European Communities, (2008) ECR I 6351Kadi CJEU I Cases C-402/05 P and C-415/05 P, 3 September 2008.
- Yassin Abdullah Kadi v Council of the European Union and Commission of the European Communities, Case T-315/01, 21 September 2005.
-ICJ Case Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Prv. Measures, Order of 13 Sept 1993. Separate Opinion. Lauterpacht, ICJ Rep.
-Tomuschat, Christian. “The Lockaerbie case before the international court of justice”. International Commission of Jurists, 48(1992).
Journal of Legal Research
Volume 23, Issue 58
Summer 2024
Pages 7-48