- “10 Hours of Shirazi Surgeons’ Efforts to Separate Conjoined Twins Ended; Work Continued to the Future.” Accessed 16/09/2023. Available at: https://www.farsnews.ir/fars/news/14020822000913/ (in Persian)
- Alexander, Larry. “Deontology at the Threshold”. San Diego Law Review, 37, 4(2000), 893-912. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.253676
- Berman, Mitchell. “Punishment and Justification”. Ethics, 118, 2(2008), 258-290. DOI: 10.1086/527424
- Boonin, David. The Problem of Punishment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
- Brooks, Tom. Punishment. Translated by Mohammad Ali Kazem-Nazari. Tehran: Mizan, 2016. (in Persian)
- Christopher, Russell. “Deterring Retributivism: The Injustice of 'Just' Punishment”. Northwestern University Law Review, 96, 3(2002), 843-976.
- Christopher, Russell. “The Prosecutor's Dilemma: Bargains and Punishments”. Fordham Law Review, 72, 1(2003), 93-168.
- Deitch, Brittany L. “Retributivist Theories’ Conjoined Twins Problems”. University of Cincinnati Law Review, 87, 1(2018), 139-169.
- Duff, Anthony. “Penal Communications: Recent Work in the Philosophy of Punishment”. Crime and Justice, 20, 1(1996), 1-97.
- Duff, Antony & David Garland. A Reader on Punishment. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
- Duff, Antony. Punishment, Communication and community. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
- Feinberg, Joel. “The expressive Function of Punishment”. In: A reader on punishment. ed. Antony Duff & David Garland. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
- Gedikbaşı, Ali, Gökhan Yıldırım, Sezin Saygılı, Reshad Ismayilzade, Ahmet Gül & Yavuz Ceylan. “Prenatal diagnosis of conjoined twins: four cases in a prenatal center”. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc, 11, 4(2010), 174-177. DOI: 10.5152/jtgga.2010.32
- Haji Tabar Firoozjai, Hasan and Behnam Ghanbarpour. “Rules Governing the Execution of Punishment in the Case of Conjoined Twins in Iranian Law and Ja’fari Jurisprudence.” Medical Law, 13, 50(2019), 133-154. (in Persian)
- Hart, H. L. A. “The Presidential Address: Prolegomenon to the Principles of Punishment”. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 60, 1(1960), 1-26.
- Hoskins, Zachary. “Hybrid Theories of Punishment”. In: The Routledge handbook of the philosophy and science of punishment. ed. Farah Focquaert, Elizabeth Shaw and Bruce N. Waller. London: Routledge, 2021.
- Hudson, Barbara. Understanding Justice (An Introduction to Ideas, Perspectives and Controversies in Modern Penal Theory). 2nd Ed. London: University Press, 2003.
- Javan Jafari, Abdolreza and Mohammad Javad Sadati. “From Classical Retributivism to Modern Retributivism (Evaluation of Retributivist Thought).” Teachings of Criminal Law, 1, 2(2011), 119-148. (in Persian)
- Javan Jafari, Abdolreza and Mohammad Javad Sadati. The Philosophical and Sociological Nature of Punishment. Tehran: Mizan, 2015. (in Persian)
- Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals. New York: Yale University, 2002.
- Kant, Immanuel. Metaphysical Elements of Justice. 2nd Ed. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1999.
- Kant, Immanuel. The Metaphysics of Moral. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
- Lacey, Nicola. State Punishment Political Principles and Community Values. London: Routledge, 1988.
- Moore, Michael. Act and Crime; the Philosophy of Action and its Implications for Criminal Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
- Najafi Abrendabadi, Ali Hossein and Hadi Rostami. “A Retributivist Approach to Punishment in Liberalism Theory.” Legal Research, 15, 3(2012), 461-500. (in Persian)
- Osmanağaoğlu, Mehmet A., Turhan Aran, Süleyman Güven, Cavit Kart, Ozgür Ozdemir & Hasan Bozkaya. “Thoracopagus Conjoined Twins: a case report”. ISRN Obstet Gynecol, (2011), 1-3. DOI: 10.5402/2011/238360
- Rawls, John. Collected Papers. Ed. Samuel Freeman. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.
- Rustaee, Mehrangiz and Firooz Mahmoudi Janki. “Justification of Criminal Intervention; Principles and Necessities.” Criminal Law Research, 1, 3(2013), 35-66. (in Persian)
- Slobogin, Christopher. “Limiting Retributivism and Individual Prevention”. In: The Routledge handbook of the philosophy and science of punishment. ed. Farah Focquaert, Elizabeth Shaw and Bruce N. Waller. London: Routledge, 2021.
- Tabat, Mark. Philosophy of Law. Translated by Hasan Rezaei Khavari. Mashhad: Razavi Islamic University, 2005. (in Persian)
- Tolouei Ali, Mahdieh Ghani Zadeh and Mohammad Reza Kykha. “Jurisprudential Challenges of Qisas on Organs in Conjoined Twins.” Islamic Jurisprudence and Law Studies, 10, 18(2018), 279-304. DOI: 10.22075/FEQH.2018.13468.1369 (in Persian)
- White, Mark D. “Pro Tanto Retributivism: Judgment and the Balance of Principles in Criminal Justice”. In: Retributivism: Essays on theory and policy. ed. Mark D. White. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
- Wood, David. “Retribution, Crime Reduction and the Justification of Punishment”. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 22, 2(2002), 301-321. DOI: 10.1093/ojls/22.2.301
- Yazdian Jafari, Jafar. “Philosophical Justifications of Punishment, from Monism to Pluralism.” Law Quarterly, 37, 4(2007), 327-350. (in Persian)