Journal of Legal Research

Journal of Legal Research

Feasibility of Guaranteeing Performance Obligations in Islamic Jurisprudence and Iranian Law: A Comparative Perspective

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
1 PhD Student in Private Law, Faculty of Law, Mofid University, Qom, Iran.
2 Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Law, Mofid University, Qom, Iran.
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Law, Mofid University, Qom, Iran.
Abstract
A critical legal requirement for economic actors is the ability to secure performance obligations. This study examines two potential guarantee mechanisms: (1) conventional guarantee (ḍimān iṣṭilāḥī) and (2) guarantee under Article 10 of the Iranian Civil Code, which invokes general contractual principles. Through descriptive-analytical methodology, the research assesses the feasibility of enforcing such guarantees. For an obligation to be legally guaranteed (maḍmūn bih), it must meet three conditions: (a) constitute recognized property (māl), (b) be performable by a third party, and (c) have its legal cause (sabab) established in the debtor's liability (dhimma). The analysis reveals that most contractual obligations satisfy these requirements, and since the Civil Code recognizes cause-based liability, their guarantee appears legally viable. However, uncertainties surrounding conventional guarantee structures and the expansive nature of obligational guarantees suggest that Article 10 provides a more robust foundation. Comparatively, advanced legal systems often implement guarantee mechanisms through unions or principal contractors acting on behalf of subcontractors, offering a potential model for development. This research concludes that while both guarantee methods are theoretically feasible, the flexibility of Article 10 makes it preferable for securing performance obligations in practice.
Keywords

  • Adl, Mostafa. Civil Law. Qazvin: Bahr al-Ulum, 1994. (in Persian)
  • Akhound Khorasani, Mohammad Kazem ibn Hossein Khorasani. Hashiyat al-Makasib. Tehran: Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, 2027 AH. (in Arabic)
  • Al-Hakim, Sayyid Mohsen. Minhaj al-Salihin, Vol. 2. Beirut: Dar al-Safwa, 1990 AH. (in Arabic)
  • Al-Hakim, Sayyid Mohsen. Mustamsak al-‘Urwah al-Wuthqa, Vol. 12. Beirut: Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi, 1973. (in Arabic)
  • Al-Husseini Maraghei, Sayyid Mir Abdolfattah. Al-‘Anawin al-Fiqhiyyah, Vol. 2. Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute affiliated with the Society of Teachers, 1997 AH. (in Arabic)
  • Allameh Hilli. Mukhtalif al-Shi‘ah fi Ahkam al-Shari‘ah, Vol. 5. Qom: Islamic Publications Office affiliated with Society of Teachers of Qom Seminary, 1993 AH. (in Arabic)
  • Allameh Hilli. Tadhkirah, Vol. 2. Qom: Al-Maktabah al-Murtazawiyah for Revival of Ja‘fari Heritage, undated. (in Arabic)
  • Al-Muzaffar, Sheikh Mohammad Reza. Logic, Vol. 1. Tehran: Islamic Publishing Institute, undated. (in Arabic)
  • Al-Shahid al-Thani. Masalik al-Afham ila Tanqih Shara’i al-Islam, Vol. 4. Qom: Islamic Knowledge Institute, 2013. (in Arabic)
  • Alsharif, Mohammad Mahdi. "Rules Governing the Performance of an Obligation to Do Work or Deliver a Result." Private Law, 17(2010), 79-104. (in Persian)
  • Al-Sheikh al-Mufid, Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Nu‘man. Al-Muqni‘ah, Vol. 1. Tehran: World Congress of the Millennium of Sheikh Mufid, 1993 AH. (in Arabic)
  • Deylami Mozi, Ali & Mehdi Norouzi. "Re-examination of Specific and Generic Subject Matter and Its Role in Correcting Pre-Sale Building Contracts." Fiqh Journal, 28(108), 2021, 39-67. (in Persian)
  • Emami, Hassan. Civil Law, Vol. 2. Islamieh Bookstore, 1998. (in Persian)
  • Emami, Hassan. Civil Law, Vol. 4. Islamieh Bookstore, 1998. (in Persian)
  • Fadil Miqdad, Miqdad ibn Abdullah. Kanz al-‘Irfan, Vol. 1. Qom: Al-Maktabah al-Murtazawiyah for Revival of Ja‘fari Works, 1986. (in Arabic)
  • Fathi Pour, Ali. "Guarantee in International Transactions." International Legal Studies, 13(1990), 131-182. (in Persian)
  • Jafari Langarudi, Mohammad Jafar. Intermediate Legal Terminology. Tehran: Ganj Danesh, 2019. (in Persian)
  • Jafari Langarudi, Mohammad Jafar. Legal Terminology. Tehran: Golshan, 1991. (in Persian)
  • Jafari Langarudi, Mohammad Jafar. Property Law. Tehran: Ganj Danesh, 2001. (in Persian)
  • Katouzian, Nasser. Civil Law, Specific Contracts, Vol. 4. Tehran: Sherkat Enteshar, 1997. (in Persian)
  • Katouzian, Nasser. Specific Contracts: Reciprocal Transactions – Transferring Contracts, Vol. 1, 10th ed. Tehran: Sherkat Sahami Enteshar, 2008. (in Persian)
  • Katouzian, Nasser. Unilateral Contracts and Religious Collaterals. Tehran: Sherkat Sahami Enteshar, 1999. (in Persian)
  • Kaviar, Hossein & Ali Akbar Izadi Fard. "A Jurisprudential-Legal Study of Pre-Sale Apartment Contracts." Islamic Law, 5(18), 2008, 87-114. (in Persian)
  • Khoei, Abu al-Qasim. Misbah al-Fiqhah, Vol. 2. Qom: Institute for Revival of Imam Khoei’s Works, 2007. (in Arabic)
  • Khomeini, Ruhollah. Kitab al-Bay‘, Vol. 1. Qom: Esmaeilian Press, undated. (in Arabic)
  • Khomeini, Ruhollah. Tahrir al-Wasilah (single volume). Qom: Institute for Compilation and Publication of Imam Khomeini’s Works, undated. (in Arabic)
  • Kozolchyk, Boris. “The Emerging Law of Standby Letters of Credit and Bank Guarantees”. Arizona Law Review, (1982), 287-343. http://historico.juridicas.unam.mx/publica/librev/rev/facdermx/cont/139/cnt/cnt11.pdf (in English)
  • Mafazi, Mohammad Reza. "Guarantee Contract in English Law." Bar Association Journal, Nos. 139-140 (1997), 76-80. (in Arabic)
  • Millett, Richard. Law of guarantees. London: Sweet and Maxwell, 2005. (in English)
  • Modarresi, Sayyid Muhammad Taqi. Islamic Jurisprudence, Transactions Section. Beirut: Shi‘a Fiqh Institute, 1990 AH. (in Arabic)
  • Mohaghegh Damad, Mostafa et al. Contract Law in Imami Jurisprudence, Vol. 1. Tehran: SAMT, 2012. (in Arabic)
  • Mohaghegh Hilli. Shara’i al-Islam, Vol. 2. Tehran: Esteghlal, 1988 AH. (in Arabic)
  • Moqaddas Ardabili. Majma‘ al-Fa’idah wa al-Burhan fi Sharh Irshad al-Adhhan, Vol. 9. Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute, 2016. (in Arabic)
  • Mousavi Bojnourdi, Sayyid Mohammad. Contract of Guarantee. Tehran: Majd, 2006. (in Arabic)
  • Najafi, Mohammad Hasan. Jawaher al-Kalam, Vol. 26. Qom: Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi, 1983. (in Arabic)
  • Najafi, Mohammad Hasan. Jawaher al-Kalam, Vol. 28. Qom: Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi, 1983. (in Arabic)
  • Peroni, Roberto & Gemma Adams. “Guarantees”. 2021. Available at: https://www.mondaq.com/uk/contracts-and-commercial-law/1040184/guarantees- 2021(in English)
  • Pound, Rosco. The development of constitutional guarantees of Liberty. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008. (in English)
  • Qomi, Mirza Abu al-Qasim. Jami‘ al-Shatat, Vol. 3. Tehran: Library of Fiqh, undated. (in Arabic)
  • Shahidi, Mehdi. Civil Law, Vol. 3. Tehran: Majd, 2019. (in Persian)
  • Sharifi Ashkuri, Ilyas. Fiqhi Notes, Vol. 5. Qom: House of Ayatollah Ashkuri, 2006. (in Arabic)
  • Sheikh Ansari, Morteza. Al-Makasib, Vol. 3. Qom: Congress Print, 1995 AH. (in Arabic)
  • Sheikh Tusi, Muhammad ibn Hasan. Al-Mabsut fi Fiqh al-Imamiya. Tehran: Al-Maktabah al-Murtazawiyah for Revival of Ja‘fari Works, 2008. (in Arabic)
  • Tabasi, Sheikh Najm al-Din. Mawarid al-Sijn fi al-Nusus wa al-Fatawa, Vol. 1. Tehran: Library of Fiqh, undated. (in Arabic)
  • Tabataba’i Yazdi, Muhammad Kazem. Hashiyat al-Makasib. Qom: Esmaeilian Institute, 1991. (in Arabic)
  • Tabataba’i Yazdi, Sayyid Muhammad Kazem. ‘Urwat al-Wuthqa, Vol. 5. Tehran: Islamic Publishing Institute, 2000 AH. (in Arabic)
  • Tabataba’i, Ali. Riyad al-Masa’il, Vol. 8. Tehran: Islamic Publishing Institute affiliated with the Society of Teachers, 1999 AH. (in Arabic)
  • Zakir Salehi, Gholamreza. Foundations of Indeterminate Contracts. Tehran: Mizan Legal Foundation, 2009. (in Persian)