Modeling Women in the Legal System of Iran

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Associate Professor, Department of International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran unit, Tehran, Iran.

2 PhD student of Family Law Studies, Department of Women's Studies, Faculty of Women and Family, University of Religions and Denominations, Qom unit, Qom, Iran.

10.48300/jlr.2022.339861.2040

Abstract

Modeling has become popular in many societies today as one of the advertising arms of the fashion industry. Women are one of the important elements in this activity. Women's modeling has become one of the most challenging issues with the expansion of cyberspace in Iran. This research, by taking a descriptive-analytical method with a practical purpose and by collecting information from library and Internet sources, seeks to explain the gaps in the field of women's modeling in the Iranian legal system and to provide related proposals. This is done by examining the licenses, restrictions, and prohibitions of women's modeling in Iranian law. Based on the findings of this study, in the Iranian legal system, specific rules and regulations for Women's modeling are not specifically provided. Of course, there are rules and regulations in the fields of fashion and clothing, advertising, and cyberspace, which may include some types of modeling. From the present study, it can be concluded that the Iranian legal system does not have a specific approach to modeling and the legal gap in this regard is tangible. The recent reality has caused Women's modeling, which has emerged as a social phenomenon, to lead to undesirable results if not guided and monitored properly.

Keywords


  1. Persian

    1. Ansari, Baqir. Media rights. Tehran: Organization for Studying and Compiling Humanities Books of Universities (Samt). 2017.
    2. Tavasli, Ghulam Abbas. Sociological Theories. Tehran: Organization for Studying and Compiling Humanities Books of Universities (Samt). 1370.
    3. Dehkhoda, Ali Akbar. dictionary. The thirteenth volume. second edition. Tehran: University of Tehran. 1377. Dehkhoda, Ali Akbar. dictionary. With the efforts of Iraj Mehraki, Gholamreza Sotoudeh and Akram Soltani. Under the supervision of Jafar Shahidi. Volume one. Tehran: Publishing and Printing Institute of Tehran University. 1390.
    4. Elsan, Mustafa. Cyber ​​space rights. Tehran: Shahr Danesh Legal Studies and Research Institute. 2018.
    5. Cutler, Philip and Gary Armstrong. Marketing principles. first volume. 12th edition. Translated by Mehdi Zare. Tehran: Mehrjard: Manager Farda, 2008.
    6. Yasini, Razia. Fashion, art, taste making industry. Tehran: Art and Communication Research Institute. 2016.
    7. Afrasiabi, Hossein, Hamed Siyarkhalj and Kaveh Shokohi Far. "Factors related to fashionism among the youth of Yazd". Cultural Research Society, Research Institute of Human Sciences and Cultural Studies 7, 1 (2015): 1-22. http://socialstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_2192.html.
    8. Amiri, Mojtabi, Atefeh Hosseini Makarem and Mahdia Falah Heravi. "The position and role of relational marketing in the educational services sector". Economic Journal 12 (March 2013): 93-108. http://noo.rs/yQ2Cb.
    9. Amini, Alireza. "Jurisprudence and the issue of law". Research and field 1, 3 (Autumn 2019): 51-59. http://noo.rs/DydRo.
    10. Paror, Mehdi, Mohammad Taghi Abbasi Shawazi and Ehsan Hamidizadeh. "Virtual space and modeling of users, semiotic analysis of the mannequin challenge". Quarterly Journal of the Iranian Association for Cultural Studies and Communication 15, 55 (Summer 2018): 153-177.
    11. Khaniki, Hadi and Mahmoud Babaei. "Cyber ​​space and social networks". Quarterly Journal of the Iranian Association for Information Society Studies 1, 1 (autumn and winter 2013): 71-96. https://irandoc.ac.ir/article/786.
    12. Darstani Maryam and Mehdi Rouhani. "New phenomena of virtual space in Iran from the point of view of communication experts". Media Studies 9, 26 (2013): 53-68. http://mediastudies.srbiau.ac.ir/article_8206.html.
    13. Rahmatabadi, Elham and Habib Elah Bahar Aghabakhshi. "Life style and social identity of youth". Social Welfare Quarterly 5, 20 (2005): 256-235. https://www.magiran.com/paper/356629.
    14. Zahrawi, Reza and Rasool Ahmadzadeh. "Women's body presentation in virtual space with a look at the teachings of Imami jurisprudence and Iranian law". Scientific-Research Quarterly of Women's Strategic Studies 18, 70 (Winter 2014): 237-199.
    15. Salimi, Javad and Zahra Rashid. "The transformation of fashion photography in Iranian society". Journal of Women in Culture and Art 5, 4 (2013): 528-507. https://dx.doi.org/10.22059/jwica.2014.50242.
    16. Namazi Far, Hossein and Saleh Saadat. "Jurisprudential and legal examination of the religious hijab with an approach to the opinions of Imam Khomeini (RA)". Matin Research Journal 49 (2009): 100-124. https://iranjournals.nlai.ir/handle/123456789/172745.
    17. Hashemi, Seyyed Hossein. "Criticism on Article 638 of the Islamic Civil Code in the criminalization of veiling". Women's Strategic Studies 37 (1386): 133-160. https://www.sid.ir/fa/Journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=79068
    18. Yaqouti, Sepideh, Ashraf al-Sadat Mousaviler and Farinaz Farboud. "Development strategy of cultural economy of fashion industry in Iran". Bagh Nazar 16, 80 (2018): 63-74. https://dx.doi.org/10.22034/bagh.2020.165469.3938.
    19. Bayeh, Zahra. "Analysis of fashion presentation trend in four fashion centers of the world (London, New York, Paris, Milan) and its effect on the domestic consumption market (Tehran case study)". Master's thesis, Tehran University of Science and Culture. 2015.
    20. Fars news agency. "Iranian modeling training center will be launched". 1392, 12, 15/ 1399, 10, 11.. http://fna.ir/dbp

    Others

    Books
    - Goddard, Angela. The language of advertising: written texts. USA and Canada: Routledge, 2002.
    - Join-Dieterle, Catherine. Showtime: le Défile de la Mode. Edited by Anne Zazzo. Paris: Paris-Musées, 2006.
    - Mears, ashley. Pricing Beauty: The Making of a Fashion Model. California: University of California Press, 2011.
    - Meinhold, Roman. Fashion Myths: A Cultural Critique. translated by John Irons. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2013.
    - Press, Debbie. Your Modeling Career: You Don’t Have to Be a Superstar to Succeed. New York: Allworth, 2004.
    - Stark, Gill. The fashion show: History, theory and practice. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018.
    - Steele, Valerie. Encyclopedia of clothing and fashion (OZ); Volume 3. occult dress to zoran index. United States: Thomson Gale, 2005.
    - Svendsen, Lars. Fashion: A philosophy. London: Reaktion Books, 2006.
    Online books
    - Howe, Justine. The Routledge handbook of Islam and gender. Routledge, 2020.
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351256568.
    - Shen, Bin, Qingliang Gu and Yixiong Yang. Fashion Supply Chain Management in Asia: Concepts, Models, and Cases. Singapore: Springer, 2019.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2294-5.
    Journal
    - Ajala, Imene. “From Islamic dress and Islamic fashion to cool Islam: An exploration of Muslim youth hybrid identities in the West.” The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Cultural Studies, 12, 3(2017): 1-11.
    - Čiarnienė, Ramunė and Milita Vienažindienė. “Management of contemporary fashion industry: characteristics and challenges.” Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 156 (2014), 63-68.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.11.120.
    - Crane, Diana. “Fashion design and social change: women designers and stylistic innovation.” The Journal of American Culture, 22, 1(1999), 61-68.
    - David, Alison Matthews. “Body doubles: the origins of the fashion mannequin.” Fashion Studies, 1, 1(2018), 1-46.
    - Entwistle, Joanne. “The aesthetic economy: The production of value in the field of fashion modelling”. Journal of Consumer Culture, 2, 3(2002), 317-339.
    https://doi.org/10.1177/146954050200200302.
    - Evans, Caroline. “The ontology of the fashion model”. AA Files, 63(2011), 56-69.
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/41337476.
    - Gökarıksel, Banu, and Anna J. Secor. “New transnational geographies of Islamism, capitalism and subjectivity: the veiling‐fashion industry in Turkey.” Area, 41, 1(2009), 6-18.
    - Hanindharputri, Made Arini and Ni Putu Emilika Budi Lestari. “Perancangan video promosi desain mode idb bali untuk kegiatan jakarta muslim fashion week.” Jurnal Lentera Widya, 3, 1(2021), 60-65.
    - Hassan, Faridah Hj, Puspa Melati Kasi, Nurul Alia Shaharuddin, and Mohd Firdaus Awang Kechil. “Islamic and modest fashion lifestyle.” Journal of Islamic Management Studies, 2, 1(2019), 79-88.
    - Kerr, John and John Landry. “Pulse of the Fashion Industry.” Global Fashion Agenda & the Boston Consulting Group. Executive Summary, (2017), 1-134.
    - Lee, Eunji, Jung-Ah Lee, Jang Ho Moon, and Yongjun Sung. “Pictures speak louder than words: Motivations for using Instagram”. Cyberpsychology, behavior, and social networking, 18, 9(2015), 552-556.
    https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2015.0157.
    - Molloy, Maureen and Wendy Larner. “Who needs cultural intermediaries indeed? Gendered networks in the designer fashion industry.” Journal of Cultural Economy, 3, 3(2010), 361-377.  https://doi.org/10.1080/17530350.2010.506322.
    - OdabaŞi, Sanem. “ Narratives of a designer’s collection: fashion shows and artistic applications.” the turkish online journal of design art and communication, 9, 4(2019), 546-554.
    https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tojdac/issue/48701/619623.
    - Sakkthivel, A. M. “Does media influence fashion consciousness of Muslim women consumers: evidences from the United Arab Emirates”. International Journal of Business Innovation and Research, 22, 4(2020), 523-545.
    - Shephard, Arlesa, Sanjukta Pookulangara, Tammy R. Kinley, and Bharath M. Josiam. “Media influence, fashion, and shopping: a gender perspective”. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 20, 1(2016), 4-18.
    - Wissinger, Elizabeth. “Modeling consumption: Fashion modeling work in contemporary society”. Journal of consumer culture, 9, 2 (2009), 273-296.
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1469540509104377.
    - Wyer Jr, Robert S. “Language and advertising effectiveness: Mediating influences of comprehension and cognitive elaboration”. Psychology & marketing, 19, 7‐8(2002), 693-712. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.10031.
    Conference Journal
    - Lubis, Annisa Ilmi Faried. “Development Model of Halal Fashion Industry In Indonesia”.  International Conference & Exhibition 2019 (IHCE), 1, 1(2019), 206-214.
    - Park, Jaehyuk, Giovanni Luca Ciampaglia and Emilio Ferrara. “Style in the age of instagram: predicting success within the fashion industry using social media.” In Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on computer-supported cooperative work & social computing, 2016. pp. 64-73.
    doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2818048.2820065.
    - Peng, Li-Hsun. “Bridging local trend to global: Analysis of Indonesian contemporary modest fashion.” 2017 International Conference on Applied System Innovation (ICASI), Sapporo, Japan, 2017, 1710-1713.
    doi: 10.1109/ICASI.2017.7988267.
    Online article
    - Major, John S.”Fashion industry.” Encyclopedia Britannica, October 23, 2020.
    https://www.britannica.com/art/fashion-industry.
    Ph.D. thesis
    - Park, Taezoon. “Effective design of advertisement in handheld devices”. PhD diss., Purdue University, 2008.
    - Sabbahi, Basma. “Digital Technology for Saudi Arabian Fashion Shows.” PhD diss., United Kingdom University of de Montfort, 2019.
    - Sattarin, Jaleh Jennifer. “Human Right Violations in the Fashion Industry: A Comparative Country Analysis.” PhD diss., American University of Paris, 2013.
    Master Thesis
    - Hornung, Sarah. “Fashion Editorials Art or Advertisement”. Master Thesis, Lycée Ermesinde of Luxemburg, 2019.
    - Eriksson, Emelie. “Fashion Brands and Engagement on Instagram”. Bachelor Thesis, Halmstad University of Sweden, 2016.

     

    Websites
    - Bureau of Labor Statistics. “Occupational Outlook Handbook, Models.” U.S. Department of Labor. Tuesday, September 1, 2020/visited January 27, 2021. 
    - Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Models,” Department of Labor.Tuesday, September 1, 2020/visited January 27, 2021.