Journal of Legal Research

Journal of Legal Research

The Differential Function of Procedural Equality in Civil and Criminal Proceedings

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Ali Asghar Asgari 1
Hossein Javar 2
Hamid Reza Ali Karami 3
Vahid Ghasemi Ahd 3
1 PhD Student in Private Law, Faculty of Humanities, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran.
2 Associate Professor, Department of Private Law, Farabi School, University of Tehran, Qom, Iran; Department of Law, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran.
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran.
10.48300/jlr.2024.417664.2450
Abstract
This article seeks to provide a sustained treatment of the complex role that equality plays in procedural thought. In this situation we are faced with two mentalities about procedural equality in the judicial process. Firstly, procedural equality is an inevitable necessity, and secondly, how this ideal concept should be considered in the design and evaluation of all types of judicial systems. However, due to the lack of a precise definition, we are not completely sure what exactly is meant when the concept of equality is expanded under the rules of procedure, and in fact, we are confused due to the consequences caused by the apparent branches of procedural law. In short, we know that we cannot have a fair trial without procedural equality, but we are not sure what it means exactly? This double rhythm has shaped the discussions of procedural equality in academic literature and judicial procedure. This article aims to examine the obvious and complex role played by equality in criminal and civil proceedings.
Keywords
Procedural Equality
Equipage Equality
Rules Equality
Outcome Equality
Fair Trial
Adkins, B.A. “Crying Out for Uniformity: Eliminating State Inconsistencies in Right of  Publicity  Protection  Through  a  Uniform  Right  of  Publicity  Act”.  C U M B.  L.  REV. l40(2010): 499-554.
Bergmann, Susanne. “Publicity Rights In The United States And Germany:A Comparative Analysis”. Loyola Of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review 19(1999):479-522.
Beverley-Smith, H., Ohly, A., & Lucas-Schloetter, A. Privacy, Property and Personality: Civil Law Perspectives on Commercial Appropriation (Cambridge Intellectual Property and Information Law). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511495243
Choi, Jennifer. “No Room for Cheers: Schizophrenic Application in the Realm of Right of Publicity”.  Villanova Sports and Entertainment Law Journal 121 (2002):121-153.
Dawson, D.H. “The Final Frontier: Right of Publicity in Fictional Characters”. University of Illinois Law Review 1(2001):121-153.
Dogan, Stacey and Lemley, Mark. “What the Right of Publicity Can Learn from Trademark Law”, Stanford Law Review. 58(2006).
Esmaeilpour, M., Bahrainizad, M., & Zarei, K.  “Investigating the Effect of Celebrity Endorsements in Advertising on Consumer Attitudes toward Advertising”. New Marketing Research Journal, 7(1)(2017): 1-22: https://doi.org/10.22108/nmrj.2017.21448  (in persian)
Gervais, Daniel, jan Klink.  “50 years of publicity rights in the united states and the never ending hassle with intellectual property and personality rights in Europe”. i.p.q.4 (2003).
Gerven ,Walter van. Tort Law Ius Commune Casebooks for the Common Law of Europe. London: Hart Publishing,2001.
Ghabooli Dorafshan, Mohammad Hadi, Bakhtiarvand, Mostafa, Khansar, Samane, Publicity right study of the american law and an attempt to recognize it in imamia jurisprudence and regulate it in iranian law, Private law studies, 48(1) (2018). DOI: 10.22059/JLQ.2018.232851.1006886 (in persian)
Ghestin,J & Goubeaux,G. Traite de droit civil: les personnes. Paris: l.g.d.j., 1989.
Grandpre, Vincent, “Understanding The Market For Celebrity”, Fordham I P Media & Entertainment Law Journal vol.12 (2001): 73-132.
Haemmerli, Alice. “Whose Who?: The Case for a Kantian Right of Publicity”. DUKE L.J. 49(1999): 383-413. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1373080 
Habiba, S., & Shakeri, Z. “Involuntary transfer of Intellectual property”. Comparative Law Review, 2(1) (2011) 87-106. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.1735496.1390.2.1.4.5 (in persian)
Helling, Anna. “Protection Of Persona InThe Eu And In The US: A Comparative Analysis”. A Thesis Submitted To The Graduate Faculty Of The University Of Georgia In Partial Fulfilment Of The Requirements For The Degree. Sweden: Stockholm University, 2004.
Hauch, Jeanne. “protecting private facts in france: the warren & brandeis tort is alive and well and flourishing in paris”. Tulane law review. 68(1994): 1220-1300.
Helli, Allameh. “Izah Alfavaed”. v.4, Iran, Qom: Elmiyeh pub,2009 (in arabic).
Huw Smith, Beverley.The Commercial Appropriation of Personality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Jafaritabar, Hasan. “The history of reducing the concept of right from justice to ownership” Law & Political science, 72(2006), 85-121(in persian).
Johnson, James. “the right of publicity and the student-athlete”. Elon l. Rev.7(2015):537-550.
Katoozian, Naser. “Succession” Tehran: Dadgostar, 1998 (in persian).
Katoozian, Naser. “Introduction to the science of law” Tehran: Entesharco, 2017 (in persian).
Katoozian, Naser. “General Rules of Contracts” v.5, Tehran: Entesharco , 2021 (in persian).
Koo, Andrew. “right of publicity: the right of publicity fair use doctrine adopting a better standard”. buff. Intell. Prop. L.J.4(2006):1-24.
Logeais, Elisabeth, Jean-Baptiste Schroeder. “The French Right Of Image: An Ambiguous Concept Protecting The Human Persona”. Loyola Of los angeles Entertainment lawjournal 18 (1998):511-542.
Marilena Manuc, Liliana.“the right to self image”. contemporary readings in law and social justice 4 (2012):458-461.
McKenna, Mark P. “The Right of Publicity and Autonomous Self-Definition”. U. PITT. L. REV. 67 (2006):225-294.
Wyman, Alex. “Defining the Modern Right of Publicity”.Tex. Rev. Ent. & sports 15(2014):1-9.
Mohaghegh Damad, Mostafa, Esmaili, Maryam “Jurisprudential foundations of  Estifa”, TheoMag, 7(2009), 89-102 (in persian).
Mirshekari, Abbas. “the right of publicity”. Law Quarterly, 49(3) (2019), 523-542. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22059/jlq.2019.245902.1006959 (in persian).
Mirshekari, Abbas. “A practical treatise on civil responsibility”. Tehran: Entesharco, 2018 (in persian).
Mohammadi A, Salehi Mazandarani M, Zahedi M. “Protection of Publicity Right in the Light of Intellectual Property Rights (Comparative Analysis)”. CLR, 21(3)(2017),185-214. DOR: http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.22516751.1396.21.3.7.8 (in persian)
Movahhed, MohammadAli, “In the air of truth and justice: from natural rights to human rights” Tehran: Karnameh, 2015 (in persian).
Neumeyer, V. G. “the right of publicity and its descendibility”. U. Miami ent. & sports l. Rev.7 (1990):287-302.
Petty, R.D, D'Rozario, D. “The Use of Dead Celebrities in Advertising and Marketing: Balancing Interests in the Right of Publicity”. Journal of Advertising 4(2009):37-49. DOI: 10.2753/JOA0091-3367380403.
Pinckaers, Julius. “From Privacy Toward a New Intellectual Property Right in Persona: The Right of Publicity United States and Portrait Law Netherlands Balanced with Freedom of Speech and Free Trade Principles” Kluwer Law Int'l 3 (1996):265-280.
Redish, Martin H., kelsey b. Shust. “The Right Of Publicity And The First Amendment”, William & Mary Law Review4(2015):1443-1500.
Reiter, Eric H. “personality and patrimony: comparative perspectives on the right to one's image”. Tulane law review76(2002):673-695.
Reaves, Cody. “Show Me the Money: Determining a Celebrity’s Fair Market Value in a Right of Publicity Action”. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform3(2017):831-857.
Petty, R.D., D'Rozario. “The Use of Dead Celebrities in Advertising and Marketing: Balancing Interests in the Right of Publicity”. Journal of Advertising. 4(2009):37-49.
Pinckaers, Julius “From Privacy Toward a New Intellectual Property Right in Persona: The Right of Publicity United States and Portrait Law Netherlands Balanced with Freedom of Speech and Free Trade Principles, copyright world15(1996),
Roberta Rosenthal Kwall. The Soul of Creativity: Forging a Moral Rights Law for the United States. California:Stanford University Press, 2012.
Rothman, Jennifer. “The Inalienable Right of Publicity”. Georgetown. L.J. 10.(2012):186-240.
Sabzevari, A. “Mohazzab alahkam” v.4, Iran, Qom: Dar altafsir pub, No date (in Arabic).
Safaee,Hosein, Rahimi, Habibollah, “Civil Liability (Extra-Contractual Obligations)”. 12th ed. Tehran: Samt, 2019 (in persian).
Safaee,Hosein, “Civil Law” v.1. Tehran: Mizan, 2018 (in persian).
Safaee,Hosein, “Civil Law Introductory Course: General Rules of Contracts” v.2. Tehran: Mizan, 2020 (in persian).
Smith, George,‘‘the extent of protection of the Individual's personality against Commercial use: toward a new Property right’’, south carolina law review , 1(2002): 1-45.
Treece, James, “Commercial Exploitation Of Names, Likenesses, And Personal Histories”, Tex. L. Rev.51(1973):637-672.
Journal of Legal Research
Volume 24, Issue 61
Spring 2025
Pages 643-670