Journal of Legal Research

Journal of Legal Research

The Admissibility of Private Documents Against Third Parties

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Parviz Ameri 1
Younes Gharaghani 2
1 Assistant professor, Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran.
2 PhD Student in Private Law, International Branch, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
10.48300/jlr.2024.427351.2502
Abstract
In claims where the supporting evidence is a notorial document, its admissibility against third parties is imposed upon the court, and the judicial authority is compelled to give effect to its contents. However, regarding private documents and their admissibility against third parties, there is no agreed-upon standpoint. It is not decided for cases where the claim's supporting evidence is a private document, whether judicial authorities can rely on the principle of validity (sihat) to invoke the contents of private documents as a legal recourse against third parties, or whether admitting such documents requires judicial examination! Despite the differing opinions in this context, through an analytical and reasoned examination of the regulations on private documents, it might be claimed that in matters where the legislator has deemed the execution of a notorial document mandatory or has stipulated the observance of formalities such as registration and publication of notice, invoking a private document against third parties is not conceivable; but in other domains, if the private document possesses the essential conditions for the validity of transactions, and provided it is entertained by the court in the form of a final judgment, it is admissible against a third party who was aware of the existence and content of the private document, unless it is nullified through one of the methods of appealing judgments.
Keywords
Private Document
Admissibility
Third Party
Proof
Legal Act
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Journal of Legal Research
Volume 24, Issue 63
Autumn 2025
Pages 279-310