اکوساید در پرتو حقوق کیفری با تکوین رفتارهای جنایی در انحطاط محیط زیست

نوع مقاله : علمی- پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکترای حقوق کیفری جرم‌شناسی، دانشکده حقوق، الهیات و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد تبریز، آذربایجان شرقی، ایران.

2 استادیار، گروه حقوق، دانشکده حقوق، الهیات و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد ارومیه، آذربایجان غربی، ایران.

3 استادیار، گروه حقوق، دانشکده حقوق، الهیات و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد تبریز، آذربایجان شرقی، ایران.

4 استاد، گروه حقوق، دانشکده حقوق، الهیات و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد تبریز، آذربایجان شرقی، ایران.

10.48300/jlr.2023.408115.2401

چکیده

حقوق کیفری نقشی بی‌بدیل در حمایت از حقوق محیط زیست ایفا می‌کند. اکوساید به‌عنوان یک معضل زیست‌محیطی یک معضل جهانی است که از مرزهای ملی فراتر رفته و به آلودگی‌های زیست‌محیطی و مشکلات اکوسیستمی منطقه‌ای و جهانی تبدیل شده است. استفاده از حقوق کیفری و تعیین ضمانت اجرا چه در بُعد داخلی و چه در ابعاد بین‌المللی برای حمایت از حقوق محیط زیست، تأثیر بسزایی در حفاظت از محیط زیست جهانی خواهد داشت. حقوق محیط زیست در سطح بین‌المللی به‌عنوان حق داشتن محیط زیست خوب تعریف می‌شود. با این‌ حال، این مفهوم در حال ‌توسعه است و هنوز تعریف دقیقی از جرم اکوساید، عناصر مادی، معنوی و اینکه اکوساید در تعریف جرم چه جایگاهی دارد ارائه نشده است. دولت‌ها، گروه‌ها و شرکت‌های صاحب قدرت و ثروت، به‌عنوان اصلی‌ترین عامل تخریب محیط زیست چه محدودیتی را در وضع و تصویب قوانین مربوط به اکوساید ایجاد می‌کنند. این مقاله به‌صورت تحلیلی و توصیفی نشان می‌دهد، رفتارهای جنایی در زمینۀ جرایم زیست‌محیطی یک مسئله بسیار جدی است. این رفتارها شامل فعالیت‌های غیرقانونی مرتبط با آلودگی آب و هوا، تخریب منابع طبیعی، شکار و تجارت غیرقانونی حیات وحش، تطورهای مهاجرتی، قاچاق محصولات زیستی و سایر فعالیت‌هایی است که به‌مثابه تخریب، به محیط زیست آسیب می‌رساند. به عبارتی هدف این پژوهش ترسیم جایی است که اکوساید در زیر مجموعه جرایم حقوق کیفری قرار داشته و جهت‌گیری‌هایی را برای تحقیقات آینده ارائه می‌دهد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Ecocide in the Light of Criminal Law with the Formation of Criminal Behaviors in Environmental Degradation

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mehrad Roozbeh 1
  • Neusha Ghahremani Afshar 2
  • Abbasali Akbari 3
  • Mohammad Taghi Alavi 4
1 Ph.D. student of Criminal law and criminology, Faculty of Law, Theology and Political Sciences, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, East Azarbaijan, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Law, Theology and Political Sciences, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, West Azarbaijan, Iran.
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Law, Theology and Political Sciences, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, East Azarbaijan, Iran.
4 Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Law, Theology and Political Sciences, Tabriz University, East Azarbaijan, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Criminal law plays a unique role in protecting environmental rights. Ecocide as an environmental problem is a global problem that has transcended national borders and turned into environmental pollution and regional and global ecosystem problems. The use of criminal law and determining the guarantee of execution, both in the domestic and international dimensions, to protect environmental rights, will have an effective impact on the protection of the global environment. Internationally, environmental rights are defined as the right to have a good environment. However, this concept is developing and a precise definition of the crime of ecocide of material and spiritual elements and what place ecocide has in the definition of the crime has not yet been provided. Governments, groups, and companies with power and wealth, as the main cause of environmental destruction, what restrictions do they create in establishing and passing laws related to ecocide? This article analytically and descriptively shows that criminal behavior in the field of environmental crimes is a very serious issue. These behaviors include illegal activities related to water and air pollution, destruction of natural resources, illegal hunting and wildlife trade, migration developments, smuggling of biological products, and other activities that harm the environment as destruction. In other words, the purpose of this research is to map where ecocide is located under the criminal law offense and provide directions for future research.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Criminal Law
  • Ecocide
  • Green Criminology
  • Criminalization
  • Criminal Behavior
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