پژوهشهای حقوقی

پژوهشهای حقوقی

مروری بر رأی دیوان بین‌المللی دادگستری در قضیه شیلی علیه بولیوی در پرتو اصول حقوق بین‌الملل آب

نوع مقاله : علمی- پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکترای حقوق بین‌الملل عمومی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، واحد قم، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قم، ایران.
2 استادیار، گروه حقوق بین‌الملل، دانشکده علوم انسانی، واحد قم، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قم، ایران.
چکیده
دیوان بین‌المللی دادگستری، بعد از سپری شدن حدود 6 سال از زمان آغاز رسیدگی در تاریخ 1 دسامبر 2022، رأی خود را در قضیه «اختلاف پیرامون وضعیت و استفاده از آب‌های سیلالا (شیلی علیه بولیوی)» صادر کرد. دیوان در این قضیه، در پی یافتن جنبه‌های همگرایی و نزدیک کردن دیدگاه‌های طرفین و دعوت طرف‌ها برای همکاری بوده تا رفع واقعی اختلاف و صدور رأی در رابطه با تأیید یا رد یک ادعا. از این رو دیوان در مورد اکثر سؤالاتی که از او شده بود، تصمیمی نگرفت. دیوان در قضیه رودخانه سیلالا می‌توانست و می‌بایست به نحو شایسته‌ای به اختلافات مربوط به «استفاده فعلی» و «حقوق اکتسابی» در چهارچوب اصل بهره‌برداری منصفانه و معقول و تعهد به اطلاع‌رسانی و مشورت در مورد اقدامات برنامه‌ریزی‌شده بپردازد. سؤال این پژوهش آن است که آیا رأی دیوان بین‌المللی دادگستری در قضیه مطروحه می‌تواند منجر به توسعه همکاری بین کشورهای ساحلی شود یا خیر. فرضیه این تحقیق آن است که تصمیم دیوان نه‌تنها کمکی در مورد تعهدات دولت‌ها در رابطه با توسعه همکاری بین‌المللی بین کشورهای ساحلی نمی‌کند، بلکه حتی ممکن است مانع از آن شود؛ این مطالعه به شیوه توصیفی ـ تحلیلی به این نتیجه می‌رسد که دیوان بین‌المللی دادگستری در این قضیه نتوانسته است مسائل حقوقی اساسی را به ‌اندازه کافی حل‌وفصل و طرفین را در مورد حقوق و تعهدات خود به نحو شایسته‌ای راهنمایی کند.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

Review of the ICJ's Judgment in Chile v. Bolivia in Light of International Water Law Principles

نویسندگان English

Ameneh Moradi 1
Mohamadali Kafaeifar 2
1 PhD Student in Public International Law, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor. Department of Law, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran.
چکیده English

The International Court of Justice (ICJ), after six years of proceedings commencing in 2016, rendered its judgment in the case concerning the Dispute over the Status and Use of the Waters of the Silala (Chile v. Bolivia). Rather than issuing a decisive ruling on the substantive legal questions presented, the Court adopted a conciliatory approach, emphasizing areas of agreement between the parties and promoting cooperative solutions. Consequently, the Court refrained from ruling on most of the legal issues put before it. Regarding the Silala River dispute, the Court had both the opportunity and obligation to adjudicate issues concerning "current use" and "vested rights" within the framework of the fundamental equitable and reasonable utilization principle and the obligation of prior notification and consultation concerning planned measures. This study examines whether the ICJ's judgment can foster meaningful transboundary water cooperation. The hypothesis posits that the Court's decision not only fails to assist states in fulfilling their cooperative obligations under international water law but may even undermine such cooperation. Through a doctrinal and analytical methodology, this study concludes that the ICJ failed to adequately resolve fundamental legal issues or provide sufficient jurisprudential guidance to the parties regarding their rights and obligations under international water law.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Silala River
International Watercourses
Principle of Equitable and Reasonable Utilization
Principle of No-Harm
Obligation to Cooperate
الف) منابع فارسی
- زمانی، سیدقاسم و پویا برلیان. «مفهوم و قلمرو اصل بهره‌برداری معقول و منصفانه از منابع آبی مشترک از منظر حقوق بین‌الملل». پژوهش حقوق عمومی، 24، 75(1401)، 9-44.
https://doi.org/10.22054/qjpl.2021.59799.2597
- شفیعی بافتی، نگین و شیما سلیمانی. «ارتباط میان اصل بهره‌برداری منصفانه و معقول و اصل منع آسیب در حقوق بین‌الملل آبراهه‌ها با تأکید بر کنوانسیون 1997». مطالعات حقوق عمومی، 51، 4، (1400)، 1579-1601.
https://doi.org/10.22059/jplsq.2021.319646.2708
ب) منابع انگلیسی

Books and articles
- Brunnée, Jutta. Procedure and Substance in International Environmental Law. Leiden: Brill/Nijhoff, 2020.
- Fabri, Hèléne Ruiz. “Dispute Resolution in the Law of International Watercourses and the Law of the Sea”, in: A Bridge over Troubled Waters. Leiden; Boston: Brill Nijhoff, 2020.
- Franckx, Erik & Marco Benatar. “The “Duty” to Co-Operate for States Bordering Enclosed or Semi-Enclosed Seas”, in: Chinese (Taiwan) Yearbook International Law & Affairs, 31(2013), 66-81. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004306509_003
- Hakimi, Monica. “Making Sense of Customary International Law”. Michigan Law Review, 118, 8(2020), 1487-1537. https://doi.org/10.36644/mlr.118.8.making
- Leb, Christina. “One Step at a Time: International Law and the Duty to Cooperate in the Management of Shared Water Resources”. Water International, 40, 1(2015), 21-32-. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2014.978972
- Leb, Christina. Cooperation in the Law of Transboundary Water Resources. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
- McCaffrey, Stephen C. The Law of International Watercourses. 3rd Edition. Oxford International Law Library ,2019. online edn, Oxford Academic. https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198736929.001.0001 
- McIntyre, Owen. “The World Court's Ongoing Contribution to International Water Law: The Pulp Mills Case between Argentina and Uruguay”. Water Alternatives, 4, 2(2011), 124-144.
- Meshel, Tamar M. “Unmasking the Substance Behind the Process: Why the Duty to Cooperate in International Water Law is Really a Substantive Principle”. Denver Journal of International Law & Policy, 47, 1(2018), 29-49.
- Mulligan, B.M. & Gabriel Eckstein. “The Silala/Siloli Watershed: Dispute over the Most Vulnerable Basin in South America”. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 27, 3(2011), 596-606. 10.1080/07900627.2011.595363
- Rahaman, Muhammad Mizanur. “Principles of International Water Law: Creating Effective Transboundary Water Resources Management”. International Journal of Sustainable Society, 1, 3(2009), 207-233. DOI:10.1504/IJSSOC.2009.027620
- Rieu-Clarke, Alistair, Ruby Moynihan & Bjørn-Oliver Magsig. UN Watercourses Convention: User’s Guide. United Kingdom: IHP-HELP Centre for Water Law, 2012.
- Rossi, Christopher R. “The Transboundary Dispute over the Waters of the Silala/Siloli: Legal Vandalism and Goffmanian Metaphor”. Stanford Journal of International Law, 53, 1(2017), 55-87. 
- Rubenstein, William B. “Why Enable Litigation?: A Positive Externalities Teory of the Small Claims Class Action”. University of Missouri-Kansas City Law Review, 74, 6(2006), 1-22.
- Tanzi, Attila M. “Chapter 12 Substantialising the Procedural Obligations of International Water Law between Compensatory and Distributive Justice”. in: A Bridge over Troubled Waters. Leiden; Boston: Brill Nijhoff, 2020, 351-374. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004434950_014
- Tanzi, Attila M. “The Inter-Relationship between No Harm, Equitable and Reasonable Utilisation and Cooperation Under International Water Law”, International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 20, (2020), 619- 620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-020-09502-7
- Wouters, Patricia & A. Dan Tarlock. “The Third Wave of Normativity in Global Water Law: The Duty to Cooperate in the Peaceful Management of the World's Water Resources: An Emerging Obligation Erga Omnes?”. Journal of Water Law, 23, (2013), 51-65.
Documents
- Agreement on the Nile River Basin Cooperative Framework art. 3(1) (general principles-cooperation), art.7.
- Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses. adopted 21 May 1997, entered into force 17 August 2014.
- Draft Articles on the Law of Transboundary Aquifers, [2008] 2 Y.B. Int’l L. Comm’n, 19, 20, U.N. Doc. A/CN.4/SER.A./2008/Add.1.
- Draft Articles on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses, [1994]
2 Y.B. Int’l L. Comm’n 89, 90, 92-95, U.N. Doc. A/CN.4/SER.A/1994/Add.1 [hereinafter Draft
Articles].
- Delimitation of Maritime Boundary in Gulf of Maine Area (Can./U.S.), Judgment, 1984 I.C.J. 246, 111 (Oct. 12).
Cases before the International Court of Justice
- Application Instituting Proceedings, filed in the Registry of the Court on 6 June 2016, Dispute over Status and Use of Waters of Silala (Chile v. Bol.), 1-17. https://perma.cc/5ZKM-5G8X
- Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicar.)
- Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, opened for signature Mar. 17, 1992, 1936 U.N.T.S. 269.
- Dispute Over Status and Use of Waters of Silala (Chile v. Bol.), Judgment, 2022 I.C.J. 5 (Dec. 1)
- Diversion of Water from Meuse (Neth. v. Belg.), Judgment, 1937 P.C.I.J. (ser. A/B) No. 70 (June 28)
- Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hung. v. Slovk.), Judgment, 1997 I.C.J. 7 (Sept. 25)
- Pulp Mills on River Uruguay (Arg. v. Uru.), Judgment, 2010 I.C.J. 14 (Apr. 20)
- Separate Opinion of judge Ad Hoc Simma (n 9) para 15; Chile v. Bol, 2022 I.C.J.
- Silala (n 1) Declaration of Judge Charlesworth. Para 22; Chile v. Bol, 2022 I.C.J.
- Territorial Jurisdiction of the International Commission of River Oder, Judgment No. 16, 1929, P.C.I.J., (ser. A) No. 23, at 27 (citing Gabčíkovo- Nagymaros Project (Hung./Slovk.), Judgment, 1997 I.C.J. 7, 85 (Sept. 25)).
Reports of the International Law Commission
- Helal, Mohammed S. “Sharing Blue Gold: The 1997 UN Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses Of International Watercourses Ten Years On”. Colorado Environmental Law Journal, 18, 2(2007), 337-378. Available at: https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/celj/vol18/iss2/3
- Rejoinder of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Dispute Over Status and Use of Waters of Silala (Chile v. Bol.) 70 (May 15, 2019), https://perma.cc/7D65-XGQ3.
- Rep. of ILC of the Seventy-First Conf., The Berlin Rules on Water Resources, 337, art. 11 (2004).
Joined with Construction of Road in Costa Rica Along San Juan River (Nicar. v.Costa Rica) Judgment, 2015 I.C.J. 665 (Dec.16)
- Rep. of the IlC of the Fifty-Second Conf., Helsinki Rules on the Uses of Water of International Rivers, 484, art. XXIX (Aug. 1966).
- Report of the Internatioanl Law Commission on the Work of Its Seventy-First Session, U.N. Doc. A/74/10 at 279 (2019).
- The Pollution of Rivers and Lakes and International Law, 58 Annuaire de l’Institut de Droit International 104, art. VII (1979).
- Ass’n Rep. of the Sixtieth Conf., Rules on the Water Pollution in an International Drainage Basin, 535, art. 4 (1982)
- van den Berg, Stephanie. “World Court Urges Chile and Bolivia to cooperate on Silala river”. Reuters, 2022. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/world-court-urges-chile-bolivia-cooperate-silala-river-2022-12-01/