پژوهشهای حقوقی

پژوهشهای حقوقی

چالش‌های حقوقی بین المللی مقابله با آلودگی پلاستیک در پیکره آبی دریاها و اقیانوس ها: تحلیل راهکارهای حقوقی، فنی و اقتصادی

نوع مقاله : علمی- پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکترای حقوق بین‌الملل عمومی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران.
2 استادیار، گروه حقوق، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران.
چکیده
سالانه هشت میلیون تن زباله پلاستیکی در اثر فعالیت‌های انسان وارد دریاها و اقیانوس‌ها می‌شود که آلودگی ناشی از آن خطرات جدی برای سلامت انسان و محیط زیست دریایی دارد. مقابله با این وضعیت خطرناک مستلزم همکاری بین‌المللی از جنبه‌های حقوقی، اقتصادی و فنی است. در حال حاضر قواعد کلی زیست‌محیطی و معدود قواعد مشخصی در حوزه حقوق سخت و یا حقوق نرم به موضوع زبالههای پلاستیکی می‌پردازد. مقاله حاضر این سؤال را مورد بررسی قرار می‌دهد که چگونه می‌توان از نظام کنونی حقوق بین‌الملل محیط زیست برای مقابله با آلودگی‌های ناشی از پلاستیک در دریاها و اقیانوس‌ها یاری گرفت؟
 خلأهای نظام کنونی چیست و چه راهکارهایی جهت بهبود آن می‌توان ارائه داد؟ یافته‌های این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد راهکارهای حقوقی الزام‌آور و داوطلبانه در دو مرحله قبل و بعد از تخلیه زباله پلاستیکی در دریاها و اقیانوس‌ها به‌صورت محدود از جمله بر پیشگیری، کاهش و کنترل تخلیه این نوع زباله و تعیین آنها در رده زباله‌های خطرناک، به حداقل رساندن جابه‌جایی فرامرزی و بازیافت زباله‌های پلاستیکی، تنظیم راهنمای عملی برای مقامات ملی و منطقه‌ای، مدیریت زیست‌محیطی سالم و حفاظت از تنوع زیستی و ماهیگیری مسئولانه تأکید دارند که با ایرادات و موانع بسیاری مواجه هستند. یونپ (UNEP) به‌منظور رفع خلأ قانونی و نقصان حقوقی طی قطعنامه 14/5 بر آن شد که تا اواخر سال 2024 یک سند بین‌المللی جامع در مورد آلودگی پلاستیکی در محیط زیست خشکی و دریایی بر اساس اصول و قواعد بین‌المللی محیط زیست و منطبق با مقتضیات اقتصادی و اجتماعی بین‌المللی به‌ویژه کشورهای درحال‌توسعه تنظیم کند؛ اما علاوه بر الزامات حقوقی، ابعاد اقتصادی و فنی متعددی مانند پاک‌سازی اقیانوس‌ها و وضع مالیات باید مدنظر قرار گیرد.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

International Legal Challenges in Combating Plastic Pollution in Marine Waters and Oceans: An Analysis of Legal, Technical, and Economic Solutions

نویسندگان English

Sara Shamloo 1
Mojtaba Babaei 2
Abdolkarim Shaheydar 2
1 PhD Student in Public International Law, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده English

Each year, eight million tons of plastic waste enter marine environments due to human activity, posing severe threats to both human health and marine ecosystems. Tackling this crisis demands coordinated international efforts across legal, economic, and technical domains. While existing frameworks include general environmental norms and a limited set of specific hard and soft law regulations on plastic waste, significant gaps remain. This study explores two key questions: How can current international environmental law be leveraged to address marine plastic pollution? And what deficiencies persist in the existing system, requiring innovative solutions? The research reveals that binding and voluntary legal measures - applied both pre- and post-discharge of plastic waste - focus, albeit inadequately, on prevention, waste reduction, and control mechanisms. These include classifying plastic waste as hazardous, minimizing transboundary movement, promoting recycling, issuing guidelines for national and regional authorities, ensuring sound environmental management, conserving biodiversity, and encouraging responsible fishing practices. Despite these efforts, substantial shortcomings hinder effective implementation. Recognizing these gaps, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) adopted Resolution 14/5, mandating the development of a comprehensive international instrument on plastic pollution - covering both terrestrial and marine environments - by the end of 2024. This instrument aims to align with international environmental principles while addressing the socio-economic realities of developing nations. However, legal measures alone are insufficient. A holistic approach must also incorporate economic and technical strategies, such as ocean cleanup initiatives and fiscal policies like taxation, to create a sustainable and enforceable solution.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Plastic Pollution
Hard and Soft Law
Prevention
Recycling
Cleanup
Sustainable Environmental Management
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