پژوهشهای حقوقی

پژوهشهای حقوقی

جنایت جنگی سایبری از رهگذرِ مخاصمه مسلحانه غیربین‌المللی ناشی از رایاجنگ

نوع مقاله : علمی- پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 استاد، گروه حقوق جزا و جرم‌شناسی، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.
2 دکترای حقوق کیفری و جرم‌شناسی، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.
چکیده
علی‌رغم افزایش روزاروزِ رایاجنگ‌ها و ضرورت وضع محدودیت‌های حقوق جنگ بر آنها، مقررات مربوط به حقوق جنگ متناسب با جنگ‌های فیزیکی سنتی وضع شده است و کاربست آنها در پهنه رایاجنگ‌های مدرن با چالش‌هایی مواجه است. تحقق عنصر زمینه‌ای وقوع جنایات جنگی در رایاجنگ‌ها، یعنی وجود یک مخاصمه مسلحانه، چالش اولیه وقوع جنایت جنگی از رهگذرِ رایاجنگ‌ها دانسته می‌شود. توضیح آنکه رایاجنگ‌های ارتکاب‌یافته از سوی گروه‌های غیردولتی در صورتی یارای آن هستند که به‌عنوان جنایت جنگی سایبری تلقی شوند که لزوماً در بستر یک مخاصمه مسلحانه غیربین‌المللی واقع شده باشند. بر این اساس، امکان‌سنجی وقوع مخاصمه مسلحانه غیربین‌المللیِ سایبری به‌منظور تحقق جنایات جنگی سایبری، موضوع اصلی این پژوهش است که با روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی و با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه‌ای، تلاش می‌شود تا به آن پاسخ داده شود. برآمد این پژوهش بر آن است که ماهیت گروه‌های سایبریِ مرتکبِ رایاجنگ، مقتضیِ وجود صفاتی همچون عدم تجمع اعضای گروه، فقدان هم‌صدایی و نبود سازکارهای انضباطی در گروه‌های مذکور است. صفات نام‌برده با ارکان مخاصمه مسلحانه غیربین‌المللی همچون «سازمان‌یافتگیِ گروه مرتکب»، در سازواری کامل قرار نمی‌گیرد. بر این اساس تنها در صورت استنباط روزآمد و پویا از مقررات و رویه قضایی موجود، امکان وقوع مخاصمات مذکور از طریق رایاجنگ و تحقق عنصر زمینه‌ای جنایات جنگی وجود دارد.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

Cyber War Crimes through Non-International Armed Conflict Arising from Cyber Warfare

نویسندگان English

Hossein Mirmohammad Sadeqi 1
Mahdi Hosseini 2
1 Professor, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
2 PhD in Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده English

Despite the increasing prevalence of cyber warfare and the need to apply the laws of armed conflict (jus in bello), existing regulations were designed for traditional physical warfare, making their application to modern cyber operations a significant challenge. A primary hurdle to prosecuting war crimes in this domain is establishing the requisite contextual element: the existence of an armed conflict. Specifically, cyber attacks by non-state armed groups can constitute war crimes only if they occur within the context of a non-international armed conflict. Consequently, this research investigates the feasibility of a non-international armed conflict arising from cyber warfare as a condition for realizing cyber war crimes. Using a descriptive-analytical method and library resources, the study concludes that the nature of cyber groups, characterized by the physical dispersal of members, potential lack of consensus, and absence of traditional internal discipline, does not fully align with established legal criteria for an organized armed group. Therefore, only through a contemporary and dynamic interpretation of existing regulations and jurisprudence can the threshold for a non-international cyber armed conflict be met, thereby enabling the contextual element for war crimes to be satisfied.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Cyber War Crime
Non-International Armed Conflict
Cyber Warfare
Organized Armed Group
Threshold of Violence
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