پژوهشهای حقوقی

پژوهشهای حقوقی

دینامیسم حقوقی و اجتماعی نظام سهمیه‌بندی در بنگلادش، از جنگ آزادی‌بخش تا اعتراضات ۲۰۲۴

نوع مقاله : علمی- پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 استادیار، گروه حقوق عمومی و بین‌الملل، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران.
2 دانشجوی دکترای حقوق عمومی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران.
چکیده
نظام سهمیه‌بندی در بنگلادش پس از استقلال (۱۹۷۲) با هدف جبران نابرابری‌های تاریخی و حمایت از گروه‌های محروم مانند رزمندگان جنگ آزادی، زنان و ساکنان مناطق کمتر توسعه‌یافته ایجاد شد. با گذشت زمان، اختصاص ۵۶ درصد مشاغل دولتی به این گروه‌ها به‌ویژه فرزندان رزمندگان که با حزب حاکم عوامی لیگ مرتبط بودند، به منبع نارضایتی جوانان تحصیل‌کرده تبدیل شد. اعتراضات ۲۰۱۸ و ۲۰۲۴ با شعار کاهش سهمیه به ۱۰ درصد و تأکید بر شایسته‌سالاری، تعارض بین عدالت ترمیمی و کارآمدی اداری را آشکار کرد. دیوان عالی بنگلادش در ۲۰۲۴ با ابطال لغو سهمیه، نظام قبلی را احیا و تنش‌ها را تشدید نمود. این تصمیم، پرسش‌هایی درباره استقلال قضایی و نفوذ سیاسی حاکم بر دادگاه‌ها برانگیخت. از منظر حقوقی، نظام سهمیه با اصول برابری در قانون اساسی (مواد ۱۹ و ۲۹) در تعارض است، اما ماده ۲۸ آن تبعیض مثبت برای «اقشار محروم» را مجاز می‌داند. گسترش سهمیه به نسل‌های بعدی رزمندگان و ابهام در تعریف «محرومیت»، به تبعیض معکوس و ناکارآمدی اداری دامن زده است. مقایسه با کشورهایی مانند نپال و پاکستان نشان می‌دهد تمرکز بر معیارهای اقتصادی ـ اجتماعی فعلی به جای امتیازات موروثی، ضروری است. در بنگلادش، اما تبدیل سهمیه به امتیازی موروثی و وابسته به حزب حاکم، اعتماد عمومی به نظام اداری را تضعیف کرده است. واکنش خشونت‌آمیز دولت به اعتراضات، نقض حقوق بشر و محدودیت آزادی بیان را به همراه داشت. جنبش دانشجویی با استفاده از رسانه‌های اجتماعی، اعتراضات را به حرکتی فراگیر تبدیل کرد که در سقوط دولت شیخ حسینه (۲۰۲۴) نقش ایفا نمود. در نتیجه، بازنگری ساختاری در نظام سهمیه‌بندی با تأکید بر شفافیت، شایسته‌سالاری و پاسخگویی به نابرابری‌های کنونی، برای دستیابی به عدالت اجتماعی و حکمرانی عادلانه در بنگلادش حیاتی است.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

The Legal and Social Dynamics of Bangladesh's Quota System: From the Liberation War to the 2024 Protests

نویسندگان English

Hadi Salehi 1
Seyed Hossein Sharifi 2
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Public and International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
2 PhD Student in Public Law, Department of Public and International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
چکیده English

The quota system in post-independence Bangladesh (1972) was established to redress historical inequalities and support disadvantaged groups, including freedom fighters, women, and residents of underdeveloped regions. Over time, however, the allocation of 56% of government positions to these groups - particularly the disproportionate benefits granted to descendants of freedom fighters affiliated with the ruling Awami League - became a source of widespread discontent among educated youth. The 2018 and 2024 protests, demanding a quota reduction to 10% and emphasizing meritocracy, revealed profound tensions between restorative justice and administrative efficiency. In 2024, the Supreme Court's annulment of the quota abolition judgment reinstated the previous system, exacerbating political tensions. This decision raised concerns about judicial independence and political influence over the courts. From a legal perspective, the quota system appears to conflict with constitutional equality principles (Articles 19 and 29), though Article 28 permits affirmative action for "disadvantaged classes." However, the extension of quotas to subsequent generations and the ambiguous definitions of "disadvantage" have fostered allegations of reverse discrimination and inefficiency. A comparative analysis with jurisdictions like Nepal and Pakistan demonstrates the necessity of focusing on current socioeconomic criteria. In Bangladesh, the politicization of quotas and their conversion into hereditary benefits tied to the ruling party has eroded trust in the civil service. The government's violent response to protests involved human rights violations. Meanwhile, the student movement, leveraging social media, transformed localized protests into a mass movement that contributed to Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina's 2024 resignation. Structural reforms are essential for equitable governance.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Bangladesh Revolution
Quota System
Affirmative Action
Legal Foundations of the Revolution
Comparative Public Law
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