Technological developments in recent decades, especially in the field of artificial intelligence, have fundamentally changed the nature of armed conflicts. Artificial intelligence-based systems in the areas of target identification, big data analysis, combat drone guidance, automated defense systems, and cyber operations have become major players on the battlefield. The 12-day war against Iran is a striking example of the widespread use of intelligent tools in the management and execution of military operations, the analysis of which can open new horizons in understanding the relationship between new technologies and criminal law. The main issue of the present research is what consequences the use of artificial intelligence in the 12-day war has in the field of criminal liability from the perspective of the foundations and principles of domestic and international criminal law, and whether the existing frameworks are responsive to these developments or require legislative and interpretative revision. The findings of the study show that although AI can increase operational accuracy, ambiguity in the decision-making chain, the possibility of algorithmic errors, and reduced human oversight create serious challenges in establishing malicious intent, predictability of outcomes, and attribution of criminal behavior. Existing legislative gaps have also made the criminal accountability of designers, military commanders, and governments unclear. The present study, using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on library resources and legal documents, seeks to explain the existing gaps and provide suggestions for ensuring the principle of accountability and protecting fundamental rights in the era of algorithmic warfare.