The protection of children and educational facilities in armed conflicts is a fundamental concern of international humanitarian law, international human rights law, and children's rights. Schools are generally regarded as civilian objects and remain protected unless effectively used for military purposes. The attack on Shajareh Tayyebeh School in Minab provides an important case study for examining the scope of this protection and the legal consequences of its violation. Using a descriptive-analytical method, this article examines the legal framework governing the protection of schools and children and analyzes the incident in light of the principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution in attack, and the rules of State responsibility. The findings indicate that if the school retained its civilian character, the presence of children was reasonably foreseeable, and the attacking party failed to comply with the obligations of target verification, proportionality, and precaution, the attack may constitute a serious violation of international humanitarian law and the rights of the child. It may also give rise to the international responsibility of the State, including obligations to investigate the incident, provide reparation, reconstruct the educational facility, rehabilitate victims, and ensure non-repetition. The article concludes that the legal assessment of the Minab school attack depends on the protected status of the school, the presence of children, and the attacking party's compliance with its obligations under international law.